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Online since: November 2019
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed Azmy, Hossam A. Abd El-Ghany, Mohamed Saad
It is used also in [18] based on minimizing voltage deviation and loss reduction in the radial systems but both researches ignored the load variation.
The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used also in [23] based on minimizing voltage deviation and loss reduction in a radial system but the research ignored the load variation and the total DG capacity limit.
Yes Display DG capacity units, minimum bus voltage, min OVSI and total energy loss Extraction of offspring population's fitness data and execute crossover &mutation Execute power flow calculations, then calculate values of min voltage, min OVS, total losses and cost function over one day concerning load variation without inserting DGs Insert DG over random buses and initialization of chromosome population Select parent of the population Execute crossover & mutation and create offspring chromosomes No Assess the objective function Termination criteria executed?
Stop Start Collect network data Execute power flow, voltage profile, OVSI, total losses and cost function calculations over one day with load variation Evaluate the multi-objective function Execute power flow, voltage values, OVSI, total losses and cost function calculations all over one day concerning load variation Fig. 2: Flowchart of GA calculation for applying the proposed framework [20] Fig. 3: The typical system IEEE 33-bus system [31] Table 1: Load data of IEEE 33-bus system Bus No Load Bus No Load Bus No Load MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar 1 0 0 12 0.56 0.035 23 0.09 0.05 2 0.2 0.06 13 0.16 0.035 24 0.42 0.2 3 0.19 0.04 14 0.32 0.08 25 0.42 0.2 4 0.32 0.08 15 0.56 0.01 26 0.06 0.025 5 0.46 0.03 16 0.66 0.02 27 0.06 0.025 6 0.26 0.02 17 0.36 0.02 28 0.06 0.02 7 0.3 0.1 18 0.79 0.04 29 0.12 0.07 8 0.3 0.1 19 0.99 0.04 30 0.2 0.6 9 0.66 0.02 20 0.09 0.04 31 0.15 0.07 10 0.36 0.02 21 0.09 0.04 32 0.21 0.1 11 0.545 0.03 22 0.09 0.04 33 0.06 0.04 Table 2: Line data of IEEE
As shown in Table 12, the percentage losses reduction of the total active energy is 29.68% and the total reactive energy losses reduction is 30.39%, which emphasizes the better performance after using a combination of all types.
The particle swarm optimization algorithm is used also in [23] based on minimizing voltage deviation and loss reduction in a radial system but the research ignored the load variation and the total DG capacity limit.
Yes Display DG capacity units, minimum bus voltage, min OVSI and total energy loss Extraction of offspring population's fitness data and execute crossover &mutation Execute power flow calculations, then calculate values of min voltage, min OVS, total losses and cost function over one day concerning load variation without inserting DGs Insert DG over random buses and initialization of chromosome population Select parent of the population Execute crossover & mutation and create offspring chromosomes No Assess the objective function Termination criteria executed?
Stop Start Collect network data Execute power flow, voltage profile, OVSI, total losses and cost function calculations over one day with load variation Evaluate the multi-objective function Execute power flow, voltage values, OVSI, total losses and cost function calculations all over one day concerning load variation Fig. 2: Flowchart of GA calculation for applying the proposed framework [20] Fig. 3: The typical system IEEE 33-bus system [31] Table 1: Load data of IEEE 33-bus system Bus No Load Bus No Load Bus No Load MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar 1 0 0 12 0.56 0.035 23 0.09 0.05 2 0.2 0.06 13 0.16 0.035 24 0.42 0.2 3 0.19 0.04 14 0.32 0.08 25 0.42 0.2 4 0.32 0.08 15 0.56 0.01 26 0.06 0.025 5 0.46 0.03 16 0.66 0.02 27 0.06 0.025 6 0.26 0.02 17 0.36 0.02 28 0.06 0.02 7 0.3 0.1 18 0.79 0.04 29 0.12 0.07 8 0.3 0.1 19 0.99 0.04 30 0.2 0.6 9 0.66 0.02 20 0.09 0.04 31 0.15 0.07 10 0.36 0.02 21 0.09 0.04 32 0.21 0.1 11 0.545 0.03 22 0.09 0.04 33 0.06 0.04 Table 2: Line data of IEEE
As shown in Table 12, the percentage losses reduction of the total active energy is 29.68% and the total reactive energy losses reduction is 30.39%, which emphasizes the better performance after using a combination of all types.
Online since: April 2007
Authors: I. Dahan, M.P. Dariel
TEM examination of the cross-sections of the multilayer specimens provides data
regarding the evolution of the microstructure and, in particular, regarding the initial nucleation stage of
the newly formed Nb2C layer.
Only after the 1h annealing at 600 o C, peaks characteristic of the Nb2C compound appear simultaneously with a drastic reduction of the intensity of the NbC (111) peak.
Only after the 1h annealing at 600 o C, peaks characteristic of the Nb2C compound appear simultaneously with a drastic reduction of the intensity of the NbC (111) peak.
Online since: May 2020
Authors: Xiu Li Fu, Ying Meng, Duo Duo Li, Hui Wang, Qi Hang Shi
Finally, the optimal cutting process range of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 was obtained, which provides data support for highspeed cutting of anisotropic materials.
This is because the thermal deformation of the material increases and the anisotropy of the material decreases under highspeed conditions, which indicates that increasing the cutting speed is more beneficial to the tool life and tool wear reduction of the cutting material.
This is because the thermal deformation of the material increases and the anisotropy of the material decreases under highspeed conditions, which indicates that increasing the cutting speed is more beneficial to the tool life and tool wear reduction of the cutting material.
Online since: March 2017
Authors: Pavel Reiterman, Zdeněk Bittnar, Tomáš Plachy, Ondřej Zobal
For obtaining important data, samples of concrete were
extracted from the body of the dam Orlík, which has been in operation since 1961 and fly ash was used
in a mixture.
This reaction will cause a reduction in alkalinity and if the pH falls below the value 8.3, then occurs to corrosion of reinforcement [7, 8, 9].
This reaction will cause a reduction in alkalinity and if the pH falls below the value 8.3, then occurs to corrosion of reinforcement [7, 8, 9].
Online since: March 2011
Authors: Markus Bambach
The data recorded in the experiment are used to compute an objective function.
Data obtained from the virtual test are used to re-identify the parameters of the Voce equation.
The parameters of the Voce hardening relation are obtained by curve fitting from the stress-strain data. 2.
Starting with an initial guess a0 at the parameters, finite element analyses are performed to generate test data which are compared to the virtual test data generated using atrue.
Reference material data.
Data obtained from the virtual test are used to re-identify the parameters of the Voce equation.
The parameters of the Voce hardening relation are obtained by curve fitting from the stress-strain data. 2.
Starting with an initial guess a0 at the parameters, finite element analyses are performed to generate test data which are compared to the virtual test data generated using atrue.
Reference material data.
Online since: December 2018
Authors: Chrysoula Ioannidou, A.A. van Well, Arjan Rijkenberg, Robert M. Dalgliesh, S. Erik Offerman, Zaloa Arechabaleta
SANS data analysis requires the use of mathematical models that transform the scattering data from the reciprocal space to the real space microstructural parameters [10,11].
The neutron scattering data reduction is performed by using the Mantid software [15].
The 2D raw data is transformed to 1D data of dΣ/dΩ versus Q.
Q (data points), corresponding to Fig. 3a, after background subtraction.
· SEM, TEM and ICP-OES techniques provide complementary information, supporting the SANS data and their analysis.
The neutron scattering data reduction is performed by using the Mantid software [15].
The 2D raw data is transformed to 1D data of dΣ/dΩ versus Q.
Q (data points), corresponding to Fig. 3a, after background subtraction.
· SEM, TEM and ICP-OES techniques provide complementary information, supporting the SANS data and their analysis.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Igor E. Vyaliy, Sergey V. Gnedenkov, Vladimir S. Egorkin, Sergey L. Sinebryukhov
It was established, that using of the short-pulse bipolar polarizing signal (τ=5 µs) facilitates the reduction of porosity and roughness of the formed PEO-layers.
Scratch-test data for PEO-coatings formed for 60 minutes, D is equal to 0.21: Fn – applicable load; Ft – friction force; Pd – penetration depth of the indenter; μ – friction coefficient; Rd – residual penetration depth of the indenter after unloading; AE – acoustic emission; Lc2 – load at which the peeling of the coating occurs; Lc3 – critical load at which the indenter penetrates till the substrate.
The analysis of electrochemical data has showed an increase of the polarization resistance with increasing of duty cycle of the polarizing signal.
Scratch-test data for PEO-coatings formed for 60 minutes, D is equal to 0.21: Fn – applicable load; Ft – friction force; Pd – penetration depth of the indenter; μ – friction coefficient; Rd – residual penetration depth of the indenter after unloading; AE – acoustic emission; Lc2 – load at which the peeling of the coating occurs; Lc3 – critical load at which the indenter penetrates till the substrate.
The analysis of electrochemical data has showed an increase of the polarization resistance with increasing of duty cycle of the polarizing signal.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: K. Taibi, Lounis Azeddine, Naîma Ouazène
The Fig. 9 shows the experimental data that were fitted by Ce/q versus Ce.
Their correlation coefficients R2 were better than 0.97 indicating that the two models fitted to the experimental data.
It can be also seen that our experimental data of values n=1.8 and = 3.68 mg/g are considered qualitatively consistence in comparison with the results found in adsorption of BY onto wheat bran [6].
On the other hand, the pseudo-second-order model shows the best fit to the experimental data related to the biosorption of BY onto wood powder with the highest correlation coefficient.
Experimental data were also tested in terms of adsorption kinetics using Elovich, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate expressions.
Their correlation coefficients R2 were better than 0.97 indicating that the two models fitted to the experimental data.
It can be also seen that our experimental data of values n=1.8 and = 3.68 mg/g are considered qualitatively consistence in comparison with the results found in adsorption of BY onto wheat bran [6].
On the other hand, the pseudo-second-order model shows the best fit to the experimental data related to the biosorption of BY onto wood powder with the highest correlation coefficient.
Experimental data were also tested in terms of adsorption kinetics using Elovich, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate expressions.
Online since: May 2016
Authors: Christophe Drouet, Christèle Combes, Christian Rey, Sophie Cazalbou, Stephanie Sarda, David Grossin
The data could be satisfyingly described by a Langmuir model.
Figure 1: A) BMP-2 adsorption isotherm on BCP granules uncoated or coated with nanocrystalline apatite, B) Newly-formed bone for BCP granules, coated or not with nanocrystalline carbonated apatite, adsorbed with BMP-2 (additional data on ref. [20]).
In vivo experiments were carried out intramuscularly on sheep, data obtained after 3 months of implantation. * means p value < 0.05 Next, the release of BMP-2 from the coated granules was followed in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium complemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum and 1% of penicillin/ streptomycin, at 37°C, over a period of 21 days.
Additional data on such associations between biomimetic apatites and antimicrobial enzymes can be found elsewhere [21].
XRD and FTIR spectroscopy data allowed us to point out the single-phased apatitic phase obtained upon coprecipitation in these conditions.
Figure 1: A) BMP-2 adsorption isotherm on BCP granules uncoated or coated with nanocrystalline apatite, B) Newly-formed bone for BCP granules, coated or not with nanocrystalline carbonated apatite, adsorbed with BMP-2 (additional data on ref. [20]).
In vivo experiments were carried out intramuscularly on sheep, data obtained after 3 months of implantation. * means p value < 0.05 Next, the release of BMP-2 from the coated granules was followed in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium complemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum and 1% of penicillin/ streptomycin, at 37°C, over a period of 21 days.
Additional data on such associations between biomimetic apatites and antimicrobial enzymes can be found elsewhere [21].
XRD and FTIR spectroscopy data allowed us to point out the single-phased apatitic phase obtained upon coprecipitation in these conditions.