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Online since: October 2007
Authors: In Sup Kim, Hyun Chul Cho, Hun Jang, Byoung Koo Kim, Chang Heui Jang
Through this study, it is thought that the slip dissolution/oxidation dominantly contributes to the
reduction in the fatigue life at a strain rate of 0.008 %/s and the HIC is mainly responsible for the
reduction in the fatigue life at strain rates of 0.04 and 0.4 %/s.
Fig. 1 shows the fatigue life data of SA508 Gr.1a LAS with various strain rates in air, and in 310 o C deoxygenated water [6].
Moreover, as strain rate decreased from 0.4 to 0.008 %/s, the reduction in the fatigue life in 310 o C deoxygenated water was slightly enhanced.
From microstructure observation, we found evidences of the EAC mechanisms related to the reduction in the fatigue life in 310 o C deoxygenated water were on the fatigue surface and sectioned area.
From the analysis of microstructure, it is thought that the slip dissolution/oxidation dominantly contributes to the reduction in the fatigue life at a strain rate of 0.008 %/s and the HIC is mainly responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life at strain rates of 0.04 and 0.4 %/s.
Fig. 1 shows the fatigue life data of SA508 Gr.1a LAS with various strain rates in air, and in 310 o C deoxygenated water [6].
Moreover, as strain rate decreased from 0.4 to 0.008 %/s, the reduction in the fatigue life in 310 o C deoxygenated water was slightly enhanced.
From microstructure observation, we found evidences of the EAC mechanisms related to the reduction in the fatigue life in 310 o C deoxygenated water were on the fatigue surface and sectioned area.
From the analysis of microstructure, it is thought that the slip dissolution/oxidation dominantly contributes to the reduction in the fatigue life at a strain rate of 0.008 %/s and the HIC is mainly responsible for the reduction in the fatigue life at strain rates of 0.04 and 0.4 %/s.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: T. Leffers, Feng Xiang Lin, W. Pantleon, Dorte Juul Jensen
Higher rolling reduction led to a stronger cube texture.
This material was cold rolled to 90% and 95% reduction in thickness.
Pole figures as presented in Fig. 1 were calculated from the orientation data.
In the 90% reduction sample the volume fraction of the cube component was 5.6% after recrystallization, while in the 95% reduction sample it increased to 14.1%.
a) maximum density: 2.5 b) maximum density: 5.7 c) maximum density: 5.3 d) maximum density: 2.6 e) maximum density: 23.6 f) maximum density: 5.1 Fig.1 {111} Pole figures of different recrystallized samples: a) sample 1; 90% reduction, b) sample 1; 95% reduction, c) sample 2; 95% reduction, d) sample 3; 90% reduction, e) sample 4; 90% reduction, f) sample 5; 90% reduction.
This material was cold rolled to 90% and 95% reduction in thickness.
Pole figures as presented in Fig. 1 were calculated from the orientation data.
In the 90% reduction sample the volume fraction of the cube component was 5.6% after recrystallization, while in the 95% reduction sample it increased to 14.1%.
a) maximum density: 2.5 b) maximum density: 5.7 c) maximum density: 5.3 d) maximum density: 2.6 e) maximum density: 23.6 f) maximum density: 5.1 Fig.1 {111} Pole figures of different recrystallized samples: a) sample 1; 90% reduction, b) sample 1; 95% reduction, c) sample 2; 95% reduction, d) sample 3; 90% reduction, e) sample 4; 90% reduction, f) sample 5; 90% reduction.
Online since: January 2007
Authors: Herbert Danninger, Chen Xu, Björn Lindqvist
The removal of oxygen during sintering by carbothermic reduction and the resulting
carbon loss were studied for steel compacts prepared with the compositions Fe-3%Cr-0.5%Mo0.5%C
and Fe-1.5%Mo-0.5%C, respectively, prepared from prealloyed powders.
The bars were inserted into a pushrod dilatometer Bähr 801 and sintered in rotary pump vacuum (cold: approx. 6 x 10 -3 mbar), to ensure that only carbothermic reduction would take place.
(For assessing the impact energy data it should be kept in mind that the data are from only 1-2 parallel specimens each).
This is in excellent agreement with the data for the oxygen content: here the high levels after sintering at 1100°C stand out clearly while after sintering at 1300°C significantly lower values have been measured, although a marked effect of the green density is observed: the high density material contains considerably more oxygen after sintering at both temperatures, but the relative effect of the green density is much more pronounced at higher temperatures.
The oxygen levels after sintering are clearly related to the carbon levels, low oxygen content - and thus effective reduction - being linked to higher carbon loss during sintering.
The bars were inserted into a pushrod dilatometer Bähr 801 and sintered in rotary pump vacuum (cold: approx. 6 x 10 -3 mbar), to ensure that only carbothermic reduction would take place.
(For assessing the impact energy data it should be kept in mind that the data are from only 1-2 parallel specimens each).
This is in excellent agreement with the data for the oxygen content: here the high levels after sintering at 1100°C stand out clearly while after sintering at 1300°C significantly lower values have been measured, although a marked effect of the green density is observed: the high density material contains considerably more oxygen after sintering at both temperatures, but the relative effect of the green density is much more pronounced at higher temperatures.
The oxygen levels after sintering are clearly related to the carbon levels, low oxygen content - and thus effective reduction - being linked to higher carbon loss during sintering.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Wei Liu, Liang Liu, Han Qing Huan, Dong Dong Chen, Chao Fan Chen
According to the relative data and materials, the energy flowchart of Sichuan province in 2010 was drew at first, then the energy input, output, consumption, corresponding pollutants emission of Sichuan province from 2005 to 2010 were analyzed simultaneously.
How to optimize the regional energy flow and how to implement energy conservation and emission reduction has become the urgent work.
We counted the CO2 emissions in Sichuan province 2005~2010 according to equation 1 and related data.
Comprehensive evaluation of coordination degree in complex system At first, we make indicator value for standardization according to the relevant data in table 2, then take k=2, and count the coordination degree of two subsystems respectively and the synthetic coordinate degree of complex system (see Fig.2) according to the equation 2, 3 and 4.
(4) Strengthening the energy conservation and emission reduction of transportation sector and building sector.
How to optimize the regional energy flow and how to implement energy conservation and emission reduction has become the urgent work.
We counted the CO2 emissions in Sichuan province 2005~2010 according to equation 1 and related data.
Comprehensive evaluation of coordination degree in complex system At first, we make indicator value for standardization according to the relevant data in table 2, then take k=2, and count the coordination degree of two subsystems respectively and the synthetic coordinate degree of complex system (see Fig.2) according to the equation 2, 3 and 4.
(4) Strengthening the energy conservation and emission reduction of transportation sector and building sector.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Qing Zou, Jun Na Lv, Xun Chen
For example, Du investigated the driving forces and reduction potential of Chinese CO2 emissions based on a provincial panel data set for 1995-2009.
Based on an overview of existed literatures, it can be concluded that the provincial panel data or time series data are usually used to analyse the EKC of Chinese CO2 emissions.
However in the panel data analysis exsits homogeneity assumption defect.
Thus the representativeness of the panel data research needs to be discussed [3].
So some scholars think that studying in time series data of single country is more effective [4].
Based on an overview of existed literatures, it can be concluded that the provincial panel data or time series data are usually used to analyse the EKC of Chinese CO2 emissions.
However in the panel data analysis exsits homogeneity assumption defect.
Thus the representativeness of the panel data research needs to be discussed [3].
So some scholars think that studying in time series data of single country is more effective [4].
Online since: January 2014
Authors: Xuan Cang Wang, Yan Nan Zhang, Zhi An Feng, Wei Yu
The proper value of temperature gradient, reliably coefficient, stress reduction coefficient, comprehensive coefficient and the effect of load position in structure calculations were studied respectively.
As can be seen from formula(3), ultimate load is related to bending rigidity of concrete slab , maximum temperature stress , reliably coefficient , stress reduction coefficient and comprehensive coefficient.
Utilizing the nonlinearity transformation equation (6) of the pavement surfaceand the environment temperature , the local day-to-day temperature data of 52 years (1960~2011) were transformed to surface temperature data
Thus, the influencing factors of ultimate axle load are only reliably coefficient, stress reduction coefficient and comprehensive coefficient .
Reasonable determination of stress reduction coefficient.
As can be seen from formula(3), ultimate load is related to bending rigidity of concrete slab , maximum temperature stress , reliably coefficient , stress reduction coefficient and comprehensive coefficient.
Utilizing the nonlinearity transformation equation (6) of the pavement surfaceand the environment temperature , the local day-to-day temperature data of 52 years (1960~2011) were transformed to surface temperature data
Thus, the influencing factors of ultimate axle load are only reliably coefficient, stress reduction coefficient and comprehensive coefficient .
Reasonable determination of stress reduction coefficient.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Jian Wei Ma, Ya Rui Song
The product formed during Fe(VI) reduction is Fe(III), which is not harmful or toxic for humans and the environment.
Then the absorbance data were converted to Fe(VI) concentration using a computational program based on the calibration with Fe(VI) standard.
Experimental data also showed that Fe(VI) could eliminate 99.9% of bacteria in every tested effluent sample (with various initial bacterial number, Table 1) even at this low treatment concentration, irrespective of the initial bacteria number.
On the basis of COD, TOC data it can be stated that using 3 mg L-1 Fe(VI) dosage the reduction of all organic suspended solids was obtained in both secondary effluents.
Summary The experimental data showed that municipal secondary effluents of two different WTPs treated by a low Fe(VI) concentration (3mg L-1) resulted in higher than 99.9% reduction of indigenous heterotrophic bacteria in most cases.
Then the absorbance data were converted to Fe(VI) concentration using a computational program based on the calibration with Fe(VI) standard.
Experimental data also showed that Fe(VI) could eliminate 99.9% of bacteria in every tested effluent sample (with various initial bacterial number, Table 1) even at this low treatment concentration, irrespective of the initial bacteria number.
On the basis of COD, TOC data it can be stated that using 3 mg L-1 Fe(VI) dosage the reduction of all organic suspended solids was obtained in both secondary effluents.
Summary The experimental data showed that municipal secondary effluents of two different WTPs treated by a low Fe(VI) concentration (3mg L-1) resulted in higher than 99.9% reduction of indigenous heterotrophic bacteria in most cases.
Online since: May 2007
Authors: Woon Suk Hwang, Jeong Ja Lee, Won Seog Yang, Seung Chan Na
Plots of ie versus 1/τ for galvanostatic reduction of passive film on a 304 stainless steel are given in
Fig. 3.
Data were taken from Fig. 2.
The negative values of q0 and i0 mean that the self-activation is the cathodic reduction process.
Galvanic reduction tests were performed for various passivation time and passivation potential in a 1M H2SO4 solution.
It is appeared that almost all the amount of applied cathodic current up to 200 nAcm-2 is consumed for reduction of passive film.
Data were taken from Fig. 2.
The negative values of q0 and i0 mean that the self-activation is the cathodic reduction process.
Galvanic reduction tests were performed for various passivation time and passivation potential in a 1M H2SO4 solution.
It is appeared that almost all the amount of applied cathodic current up to 200 nAcm-2 is consumed for reduction of passive film.
Online since: September 2012
Authors: Xing Wei
Rough set theory is a new mathematical tools of dealing with vagueness and uncertainty, compared with the past to resolve the ambiguity of knowledge theory and methods, it does not require any outside required to handle data collection before experience, but only based on the classification ability of the observational data to address the inaccuracy of the data analysis and processing, as is shown by equation2
In fact, in the face of massive high-dimensional data size, more effective and efficient attribute reduction algorithm for the extraction of knowledge.
Data mining based on rough set theory is in its infancy, data mining and rough set theory research, there are many problems worth exploring, the paper will be a combination of both study certainly there are many imperfections, related work remains to be further study.
Summary The data is the processing center of the core business of most enterprises, a variety of external sources of data within the system to a large increase.
In reality, attribute reduction, information systems for the mitigation of large-scale data sets for enterprise management and decision-making pressure, with a certain degree of practical significance.
In fact, in the face of massive high-dimensional data size, more effective and efficient attribute reduction algorithm for the extraction of knowledge.
Data mining based on rough set theory is in its infancy, data mining and rough set theory research, there are many problems worth exploring, the paper will be a combination of both study certainly there are many imperfections, related work remains to be further study.
Summary The data is the processing center of the core business of most enterprises, a variety of external sources of data within the system to a large increase.
In reality, attribute reduction, information systems for the mitigation of large-scale data sets for enterprise management and decision-making pressure, with a certain degree of practical significance.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Liu Sheng Zha, Xiao Yun Liu, Xiu Qing Wang
a duckahu@163.com,b xyliu@dhu.edu.cn, c lszha@dhu.edu.cn
Keywords: Silver nanoparticle, Composite microsphere, In-situ reduction, PH sensitivity, Localized surface plasmon resonance.
The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were loaded into pH sensitive polymer microspheres by in-situ reduction method, which are composed of linear poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM).
In this paper, Ag NPs were loaded into the pH sensitive polymer microspheres synthesized by one-step precipitation polymerization step, by in-situ reduction of Ag+ coordinated into their polymer network.
Then, 0.04 g of AgNO3 was dissolved in the dispersion, followed by stirring and purging with nitrogen gas for 30 min at 30℃. 0.04 g of NaBH4 dissolved in 3 mL water was added into the reaction solution, and the reduction reaction was carried out at 30℃ under nitrogen purge for 1 h.
The scattering light was collected at 90°, and the CONTIN statistical method was used to convert the measured correlation data into a particle size distribution.
The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were loaded into pH sensitive polymer microspheres by in-situ reduction method, which are composed of linear poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM).
In this paper, Ag NPs were loaded into the pH sensitive polymer microspheres synthesized by one-step precipitation polymerization step, by in-situ reduction of Ag+ coordinated into their polymer network.
Then, 0.04 g of AgNO3 was dissolved in the dispersion, followed by stirring and purging with nitrogen gas for 30 min at 30℃. 0.04 g of NaBH4 dissolved in 3 mL water was added into the reaction solution, and the reduction reaction was carried out at 30℃ under nitrogen purge for 1 h.
The scattering light was collected at 90°, and the CONTIN statistical method was used to convert the measured correlation data into a particle size distribution.