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Online since: January 2015
Authors: Mariusz Żokowski, Paweł Majewski, Jarosław Spychała
Since engines were not provided with any on-board system for monitoring its vibrations and no previous amendments were made to technical objects of that type, the following points of preparation were indispensable:
- the execution of the kinematic analyses of the engine under tests to identify its characteristic frequencies that could have occurred in the spectrum of the vibroacoustic signal;
- the acquisition (from engineering and operation documentation as well as from direct contacts with the engine manufacturer) and analysis of all available information related to vibration measurements already carried out by the manufacturer, measurement points, current and maximum allowed vibration levels;
- the development and calibration of necessary instruments suitable for the application of measuring vibrations in individual data recording paths;
- the execution of measurements themselves with the further analyses of variations demonstrated by the vibroacoustic signal.
The second rotor in embedded into a slow-speed turbine that transmits torque, via a reduction gear, to the airscrew shaft the rpm of which is reduced to the limits that enable the smooth operation of the airscrew.
Piezoelectric vibration transducers (accelerometers): B&K 4371V and 4326A Amplifiers: Endevco 133/1 i B&K 2635 Digital data recorder: SONY SIR-1000i Fig. 2.
A set of components used for making up measuring paths for engine vibrations (data processing and analysis) The assumption made was to measure vibration accelerations within the bandwidth from 2 [Hz] to 10 [kHz] with the amplification factor that guaranteed the maximum level of these accelerations up to 100 [mm2/s].
The second rotor in embedded into a slow-speed turbine that transmits torque, via a reduction gear, to the airscrew shaft the rpm of which is reduced to the limits that enable the smooth operation of the airscrew.
Piezoelectric vibration transducers (accelerometers): B&K 4371V and 4326A Amplifiers: Endevco 133/1 i B&K 2635 Digital data recorder: SONY SIR-1000i Fig. 2.
A set of components used for making up measuring paths for engine vibrations (data processing and analysis) The assumption made was to measure vibration accelerations within the bandwidth from 2 [Hz] to 10 [kHz] with the amplification factor that guaranteed the maximum level of these accelerations up to 100 [mm2/s].
Online since: October 2018
Authors: Antti Järvenpää, Kari Mäntyjärvi, Markku Kananen, Matias Jaskari
When the results are compared to the previous data [5] in Fig 3a, the behaviour of the bending strength of the SPS panel differs from those of CS- and SS-panels.
The data for the structures excluding SPS taken from [4].
Results were compared with the data published in the previous studies.
Mäntyjärvi, Iterative weight reduction process, Journal of Ship Production and Design (2018), https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.170028
The data for the structures excluding SPS taken from [4].
Results were compared with the data published in the previous studies.
Mäntyjärvi, Iterative weight reduction process, Journal of Ship Production and Design (2018), https://doi.org/10.5957/JSPD.170028
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Yong Heng Fang, Ting Wang
Policy risk refers to the state or local government's macroeconomic policies (such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, trade policy, regional development policies, etc.) changes affect the risk of cluster development, the specific performance of government policy intervention, directly or
indirectly, the product market and enterprise networks, while the market demand reduction and destruction of cluster network will lead to the decline of the cluster [6] [7].
Science refers to each of the indicators with objective reality. objectivity, also known as authenticity, refers to cluster of risk indicators should be based on actual data or matter as a basis for selection, confirmation and quantification, Accurately reflect the elements to meet the requirements to ensure that the results of the evaluation information and evaluation true and reliable; Relevance refers to the risk indicators should be chosen with the development of industrial clusters real operating conditions .
Judgment Matrix.The use of expert scoring method, according to the machine tool industry cluster Baoji research data, the judgment matrix is constructed as follows: An indicator for each object A judgment matrix; two indicators C1-C5 on an indicator B1 judgment matrix; Two indicators on a C6-C10 B2 indicators judgment matrix; two indicators C11-C15 B3 indicators on a judgment matrix; two indicators C16-C20 B4 indicators on a judgment matrix .
Determine the Evaluation Class Collections and Reviews.According to survey results give each index evaluation set, if an indicator survey data show that 40% the research object evaluation is "small", 20% evaluation is "medium", and 30%evaluation is "large", 10% assessment is "great", then the evaluation of the index set for the[0.4,0.2,0.3,0.1] .
Science refers to each of the indicators with objective reality. objectivity, also known as authenticity, refers to cluster of risk indicators should be based on actual data or matter as a basis for selection, confirmation and quantification, Accurately reflect the elements to meet the requirements to ensure that the results of the evaluation information and evaluation true and reliable; Relevance refers to the risk indicators should be chosen with the development of industrial clusters real operating conditions .
Judgment Matrix.The use of expert scoring method, according to the machine tool industry cluster Baoji research data, the judgment matrix is constructed as follows: An indicator for each object A judgment matrix; two indicators C1-C5 on an indicator B1 judgment matrix; Two indicators on a C6-C10 B2 indicators judgment matrix; two indicators C11-C15 B3 indicators on a judgment matrix; two indicators C16-C20 B4 indicators on a judgment matrix .
Determine the Evaluation Class Collections and Reviews.According to survey results give each index evaluation set, if an indicator survey data show that 40% the research object evaluation is "small", 20% evaluation is "medium", and 30%evaluation is "large", 10% assessment is "great", then the evaluation of the index set for the[0.4,0.2,0.3,0.1] .
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Lei Shi, Ping Ning, Yue Hong Yang, Yang Cheng
At present, The ways used to remove heavy metal ions include chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, electrochemical reduction, etc[4].
Those data show that the adsorption equilibrium is attained after 70 min.
The balance data for the adsorption are generally known as adsorption isotherms.
Hence, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm fitted with the experimental data better than the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Those data show that the adsorption equilibrium is attained after 70 min.
The balance data for the adsorption are generally known as adsorption isotherms.
Hence, the Freundlich adsorption isotherm fitted with the experimental data better than the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Online since: May 2016
Authors: Januarty Jaya Ekaputri, Koichi Maekawa, Tetsuya Ishida
From a saturated condition to dry condition, measurable reduction in RH will only occur after pores with radii of 50 nm to 100 nm have been emptied.
The data logger has 20 channels, which can be connected to the personal computer for data record as illustrated in Fig 1.
The input data used in the analytical program such as the geometric conditions, mix proportions, and the atmospheric condition is the same as those used in the experiment.
The data logger has 20 channels, which can be connected to the personal computer for data record as illustrated in Fig 1.
The input data used in the analytical program such as the geometric conditions, mix proportions, and the atmospheric condition is the same as those used in the experiment.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Giovanna A. Massari, Francesco Gadotti, Mariapaola Riggio
Figure 4: Truss T03 - Sketches on site and photographs
Figure 5: Thematic map -Truss T08-front east
Figure 6: Thematic fiches T01
The Timber Material
Data recorded during the inspection of the roof have been organized in thematic maps and fiches, for
the structural system and each member (Fig. 5, Fig. 6).
Diagnosis, Safety Evaluation and Design of the Intervention Data collected during the investigation campaign were used for the analysis of the trusses.
The Italian standard D.M.LL.PP. 14.01.2008 introduces a reduction factor FC>1 for material strength, which depends on the reliability of data about the structure.
Diagnosis, Safety Evaluation and Design of the Intervention Data collected during the investigation campaign were used for the analysis of the trusses.
The Italian standard D.M.LL.PP. 14.01.2008 introduces a reduction factor FC>1 for material strength, which depends on the reliability of data about the structure.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Xiang Ji, Guang Ying Ran
RTI provides the general service for interaction between of each simulation application, including the simulation application management, statement management, unavailability of accessing rights made management, time management, data distribution management and application programming interface.
The simulation application software Grid simulation system Power grid simulation is the foundation and the key of the training simulation system, provide the correct flow data and information of protection operation for substation simulation and substation automation system simulation, and to reflect all interaction between transformer substations and influence each other.
In the power grid simulation, the dynamic method of equivalent of the network simulation to the local grid for reduction, guarantee the accuracy of the power grid simulation, establishing dynamic mathematical model of each element in the power system, by the transient, middle and long process integration calculation method, realization to the dynamic simulation of the power grid.
Management function of trainer system mainly includes time management, user management, operation mode management, ensure higher practicability and usability of the simulation system; The preparation before training include the choice of operation mode data, setting initial way, the default fault and events; In the process of training operation and control refers to the trainer control the process of training , the operation of the model in power system, the setting of the fault and events, management and monitoring students operation; After the training analysis and assessment of including analysis the effect of operation trainees by using the event log, curve and statements, and other tools ;Use of accident treatment the students recall the process of representation and the changing process of the system ;Use evaluation tools to evaluate the operation of student.
The simulation application software Grid simulation system Power grid simulation is the foundation and the key of the training simulation system, provide the correct flow data and information of protection operation for substation simulation and substation automation system simulation, and to reflect all interaction between transformer substations and influence each other.
In the power grid simulation, the dynamic method of equivalent of the network simulation to the local grid for reduction, guarantee the accuracy of the power grid simulation, establishing dynamic mathematical model of each element in the power system, by the transient, middle and long process integration calculation method, realization to the dynamic simulation of the power grid.
Management function of trainer system mainly includes time management, user management, operation mode management, ensure higher practicability and usability of the simulation system; The preparation before training include the choice of operation mode data, setting initial way, the default fault and events; In the process of training operation and control refers to the trainer control the process of training , the operation of the model in power system, the setting of the fault and events, management and monitoring students operation; After the training analysis and assessment of including analysis the effect of operation trainees by using the event log, curve and statements, and other tools ;Use of accident treatment the students recall the process of representation and the changing process of the system ;Use evaluation tools to evaluate the operation of student.
Online since: April 2015
Authors: Shian Gao, Sutthinan Srirattayawong
Also, improvements in computer processors mean data can be evaluated quickly.
Table 1: The common data using in the CFD model Parameters Value Unit Input data - An applied load, W 50,000 N/m - Average velocity, Ua 2.5 m/s Solid properties (top and bottom cylinders) - Elastic modulus of solids, E1, E2 130, 450 GPa - Poisson's ratio of solids, , 0.33, 0.15 - - Specific heat of solids, Cp1, Cp2 380, 1050 J/Kg-K - Density of solids, 8450, 3800 kg/m3 - Thermal conductivity, k1, k2 125, 29 W/m-K Lubricant properties - Inlet viscosity of lubricant, 0.01 Pa-s - Vapour dynamic viscosity, μv 8.97x10-6 Pa-s - Liquid density, ρl 846.0 kg/m3 - Vapour density, ρv 0.0288 kg/m3 - Thermal conductivity of lubricant, k 0.15 W/m-K - Temperature-viscosity coefficient of lubricant, 6.4 x10-4 1/K - Specific heat of lubricant, Cp 2,300 J/ Kg-K - Thermal expansivity of lubricant, 4.5x10-4 1/K - Pressure-viscosity coefficient, z 0.689 - The lubricant density is also the function of the pressure and temperature which is recommended by Dowson [3].
The influence of surface roughness is increased when the temperature increases, due to the reduction in viscosity.
Table 1: The common data using in the CFD model Parameters Value Unit Input data - An applied load, W 50,000 N/m - Average velocity, Ua 2.5 m/s Solid properties (top and bottom cylinders) - Elastic modulus of solids, E1, E2 130, 450 GPa - Poisson's ratio of solids, , 0.33, 0.15 - - Specific heat of solids, Cp1, Cp2 380, 1050 J/Kg-K - Density of solids, 8450, 3800 kg/m3 - Thermal conductivity, k1, k2 125, 29 W/m-K Lubricant properties - Inlet viscosity of lubricant, 0.01 Pa-s - Vapour dynamic viscosity, μv 8.97x10-6 Pa-s - Liquid density, ρl 846.0 kg/m3 - Vapour density, ρv 0.0288 kg/m3 - Thermal conductivity of lubricant, k 0.15 W/m-K - Temperature-viscosity coefficient of lubricant, 6.4 x10-4 1/K - Specific heat of lubricant, Cp 2,300 J/ Kg-K - Thermal expansivity of lubricant, 4.5x10-4 1/K - Pressure-viscosity coefficient, z 0.689 - The lubricant density is also the function of the pressure and temperature which is recommended by Dowson [3].
The influence of surface roughness is increased when the temperature increases, due to the reduction in viscosity.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Parsa Mohajeri, Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Hossein Farraji, Amin Mojiri, Nastaien Qamaruz Zaman
Materials and Methods
Site and Samples Data.
Table 2: Real data of some selected studies POME treatment BOD[mg/L] COD[mg/L] BOD/COD Reference 10000—25000 30000—60000 0.33—0.41 [8] 26000—-30000 63000-73000 0.41 [9] 25000 50000 0.5 [10] 22700 44300 0.51 [11] 19100—46700 65900—85300 0.28—0.54 [12] 11730—-37500 22660—73500 0.51—0.51 [13] 22000—54300 75200-96300 0.29—0.56 [14] 24710 59300 0.41 [15] 62500—69215 99465—112023 0.62—0.61 [16] 25000 50000 0.5 [17] 23000—26000 42500—-55700 0.54-0.46 [18] 3057 344 0.11 [19] 10197 50500 0.2 [20] 809 1640 0.49 [21] 30000 50000 0.6 [22] 33500—36400 69,500–88,150 0.48—0.41 [23] Results and Discussion As it can be clearly seen in Fig. 1 (a) and (b), with the increase in domestic wastewater to palm oil mill effluent ratio (Domestic/POME) from 20% to 80%, the BOD/COD increasing ratio, enhances.
ANOVA used fully for analyzing data in the Design Expert Software 9.0.4 in this research (Table 3).
Birkeland, Optimization of simultaneous thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production and COD reduction from palm oil mill effluent by Thermoanaerobacterium-rich sludge, International journal of hydrogen energy, 33 (4) (2008) pp. 1221-1231
Table 2: Real data of some selected studies POME treatment BOD[mg/L] COD[mg/L] BOD/COD Reference 10000—25000 30000—60000 0.33—0.41 [8] 26000—-30000 63000-73000 0.41 [9] 25000 50000 0.5 [10] 22700 44300 0.51 [11] 19100—46700 65900—85300 0.28—0.54 [12] 11730—-37500 22660—73500 0.51—0.51 [13] 22000—54300 75200-96300 0.29—0.56 [14] 24710 59300 0.41 [15] 62500—69215 99465—112023 0.62—0.61 [16] 25000 50000 0.5 [17] 23000—26000 42500—-55700 0.54-0.46 [18] 3057 344 0.11 [19] 10197 50500 0.2 [20] 809 1640 0.49 [21] 30000 50000 0.6 [22] 33500—36400 69,500–88,150 0.48—0.41 [23] Results and Discussion As it can be clearly seen in Fig. 1 (a) and (b), with the increase in domestic wastewater to palm oil mill effluent ratio (Domestic/POME) from 20% to 80%, the BOD/COD increasing ratio, enhances.
ANOVA used fully for analyzing data in the Design Expert Software 9.0.4 in this research (Table 3).
Birkeland, Optimization of simultaneous thermophilic fermentative hydrogen production and COD reduction from palm oil mill effluent by Thermoanaerobacterium-rich sludge, International journal of hydrogen energy, 33 (4) (2008) pp. 1221-1231
Online since: March 2022
Authors: Enrique Cuan-Urquizo, Alberto Álvarez-Trejo, Juan M. Alvarado-Orozco, Armando Roman, Leonardo I. Farfan-Cabrera, L.G. Trápaga-Martínez
Considering the same deflection δ from the previously mentioned simulations, when plotting L2 against δ/L, data points lie within a line of slope F/3EI and intercept F/κGA, from which ⟨E⟩ and ⟨G⟩ are calculated.
A sample of the generated lattice arrangements is shown next to each data point in Figure 2.
⟨E⟩ is 16% to 71% smaller when calculating it from the second modal frequency, while the reduction ranges from 81% to 95% in the fifth mode.
Comparing the values obtained here with experimental data and analyzing higher vibration modes would lead to find the most accurate numerical approach for obtaining the apparent mechanical properties of these metamaterials.
A sample of the generated lattice arrangements is shown next to each data point in Figure 2.
⟨E⟩ is 16% to 71% smaller when calculating it from the second modal frequency, while the reduction ranges from 81% to 95% in the fifth mode.
Comparing the values obtained here with experimental data and analyzing higher vibration modes would lead to find the most accurate numerical approach for obtaining the apparent mechanical properties of these metamaterials.