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Therefore, TRC materials have smaller grain sizes on the surfaces than that of the center of the strip and exhibit heterogeneous distribution of particles, dispersoids, solute content, and eutectic structure throughout the strip thickness.
However number and size of the pits are observed to increase in case of presence of copper in composition and directly proportional with copper content. 8006 alloy without copper exhibits lowest material loss either from matrix or from CLS constituents compared to copper-containing 8006 alloys.
Relatively higher number of voids due to mentioned selective dissolution of intermetallics, were observed within the centerline segregation of 8006B and 8006D alloys compared to 8006A and 8006C.
Number and size of the pits observed at the entire cross-section of Cu-containing 8006 alloys were higher than that of 8006 alloy without Cu and further increased with increasing copper content. 3.

Introduction The aluminum bronze alloys are a family of alloys of copper which provides a combination of mechanical and chemical properties unequaled by any number of other alloys.
Iron is responsible for increasing the mechanical strength because it is a grain refiner, Mn contributes to a better weldability and Ni improves corrosion resistance.
The cutting depth (ap) expressed in mm, a width or depth of penetration of the tool relative to the number, measured perpendicular to the working [1].Is defined as the difference between the cut surface and not to cut or to half the difference between the diameter of cut and uncut.
Table 4 - Measurement of roughness in the number of points with insert Negative Nº Vc (m/min) ap (mm) f (mm/rev) Points mean Ra (µm) mean Rt (µm) Standard Deviation Ra Standard Deviation Rt Negative 1 100 2 0,10 A 0,42 2,99 0,03 0,30 B 0,39 3,00 0,12 0,78 C 0,30 2,61 0,02 0,32 2 150 2 0,10 A 1,17 8,07 0,29 1,98 B 1,2 8,12 0,32 2,01 C 1,4 8,15 0,35 2,10 Positive 1 100 2 0,10 A 0,21 1,35 0,01 0,13 B 0,21 1,50 0,01 0,08 C 0,20 1,30 0,00 0,08 2 150 2 0,10 A 0,25 1,41 0,01 0,08 B 0,24 1,39 0,01 0,10 C 0,26 1,48 0,01 0,13 Below the Figure 2 illustrating the variation in surface roughness Ra (µm) according to cutting parameters (vc, ap, f) and the tool geometry (positive and negative).

As can be seen in Fig.1, microstructure of this alloy consists of α2/γ colonies and some borides distributed along grain boundaries and phase interfaces.
At medium mechanical strain amplitude Δεmech/2 =0.45%, all stress-strain hysteresis loops during IF testing at both 800 oC and 650 oC were almost zero symmetry, furthermore, the alloy had no apparent hardening at half number of cycles to failure, i.e.
At 500 oC, hysteresis loops generated two apparent asymmetry, one was zero asymmetry, the other was tensile and compressive asymmetry, with the increase of cycling, a upper left drifting especially at the last stage of tensile peak stress cycle and the whole compressive peak stress cycle was found at the half number of cycles to failure, hardening occurred at both tensile-compressive cycling, and a significant hardening took place during tensile peak stress cycle.
A great number of dislocations were found in the sample after IF tests at 500 oC (Fig.6a, 6b), stack fault piling up and dislocation blocked at the γ/α2 interfaces, the interaction between dislocations and stack faults within the more wider γ lamellar, dislocation kinking at the γ/α2 interfaces (Fig.6c, 6d), which all were important factors of leading to the hardening on the curve of cyclic strain-stress responding.

A fine alumina with 220 grain size was used as the abrasive.
The following parameters of the geometrical structure of the samples surface were determined: Ra - arithmetic mean deviation of the assessed profile; RZ - maximum height of the profile; Rmax - maximum roughness depth; WX - maximum depth of waviness motifs; Nr – number of roughness motifs; RX - maximum depth of roughness motifs and R - mean depth of roughness motifs (Table 5, Fig. 2.).
Thermal spray process parameters for production of YSZ coating on AISI 316L steel surface using APS method Process no 1 2 Power current, [A] 2000 2200 Plasma gasses flow, [dm3/min] Ar 35 35 He 60 60 Operation pressure, [Pa] 150 150 Powder feed rate, [g/min] 2 2 Spray distance, [mm] 900 900 Number of torch sweep cycles 4000 4000 Microstructural examinations In order to characterize the produced coatings, microstructure tests were carried out.
Abrasive Struers papers numbered from 120 to 1200 were used, and polishing on MD-Mol polishing cloths using DP-Suspensions P from 9 to 1 μm by Struers.

The fatigue crack of length about 1mm from the notch root on the surface of the specimen was produced after the number of cycles of 123461, as shown in Fig. 2.
To determine the energy calibration equation in this experiment, fluorescence X-rays of Pb-Kα1 (74.9694keV) and Pb-Kα2 (72.8042keV) from a lead material and a radioisotope of Co-57 (122keV) were measured, then it was obtained as Eq.1, En = 0.0539xCH+0.7243 [keV] , (1) where, CH is a channel number of MCA.
The number of crystal grains in this gauge volume was about 6300.

The relationship between the latent heat of fusion and the number of thermal cycles Fig. 3.
The relationship between the phase-change temperature and the number of thermal cycles The latent heat of fusion decreased with increasing numbers of thermal cycle.
It can be found that the crystal grains grew up after 150 cycles (Fig. 4(b)).

At a beam current of 15 mA, the fraction of particles with spherical appearance was much higher and equal to 80%, at a beam current of 25 mA this fraction was not more than half of the total number of particles obtained.
Therefore, as the reaction temperature increases, when a larger number of molecules are able to move through a high energy barrier, the predominant product of the thermodynamic control is observed in the reaction mass.
LAMMPS has the ability to simulate soft materials (biomolecules, polymers), solid-state materials (metals, semiconductors) and coarse-grained or mesoscopic systems.
The increase in the number of atoms led to the formation of defects in the crystal structure.

Inside the coil frame, 26 sheets of grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, 70 mm width, 0.35 mm thickness were laminated so that the rolling direction was in the magnetic path direction and the specimen side was tapered as sub yoke.
In case 50A270, the number 50 before the letter ‘A’ means the thickness (0.5 mm) of the electrical steel sheet.
The number 270 after the letter ‘A’ represents the maximum value of the iron loss (2.70 W/kg) at a frequency of 50 Hz with the magnetic flux density of 1.5 T.
Therefore, high grade of the electrical steel sheet shows small number after the letter ‘A’.

Table 1 Pre-prepared defective type Sample numbers Defective shape Defective Size Percentage of SiCp at the defect 1# Spherical Ф5mm 25% SiCp/2009Al 2# Spherical Ф5mm 35% SiCp/2009Al 3# Spherical Ф5mm 45% SiCp/2009Al 4# Cylindrical Ф3.2mm x 6.4mm 25% SiCp/2009Al 5# Cylindrical Ф3.2mm x 6.4mm 45% SiCp/2009Al 6# Cylindrical Ф3.2mm x 6.4mm 60% SiCp/2009Al Fig. 1 Tensile samples with defect Ultrasonic testing of 15% SiCp/2009Al composite hot isostatic billets with defect was performed using USM35X DAC ultrasonic flaw detector, and the detected defect were accurately located.
Table 2 Experiment results of tensile samples with defect Sample numbers Tensile strength (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) Elongation after fracture (%) Contraction of area (%) 1# 444 341 2 3 2# 422 343 2 3 3# 405 341 1.5 3 4# 456 343 2 4 5# 406 344 2 3 6# 374 342 1 3 Standard 492 341 2 4 The tensile strength is significantly different from the standard sample, and the yield strength is substantially the same as that of the standard sample.
In the matrix, a large number of dimples were found on the fracture.
Fig. 10 SEM images of cleavage steps with different magnification times, (a) low magnification, (b) high magnification It can be seen that since each grain cleavage plane and fracture plane orientation are different, there are many small facets.

In addition, the diffusion of carbon from the base metal into the fusion zone and the precipitation of carbides along grain boundaries enhance intergranular corrosion [6].
Thus, the required height of the deposited layer when using two strip electrodes was achieved in the number of passes, two times less than when using one strip [12].
Considering the increase in the height of the deposited layer by more than 1.5 times, when using two strip electrodes, it was possible to reduce their number from 4 to 2.
This was also facilitated by a decrease in the participation of the base metal in the deposited, obtained by increasing the number of electrode strip s used for surfacing.