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A number of papers reported on development for FCF [3-8].
The aim is to grain a better understanding of FCF for shell parts with complex shape and realize the mass production of electromagnetic shell parts used in automobiles.
The billet was divided into 77427 four-node tetrahedral elements and the numbers of node were 18991.
Table.2: Comparison between theoretic size and practical size (mm) Number of part External diameter Inner diameter Base thickness Length Diagrammatic size Practical size Diagrammatic size Practical size Diagrammatic size Practical size Diagrammatic size Inwall (max) Ektexine (max) 1 φ88-0.2 87.95 φ58.6+0。

When studying the multifactor dependencies with optimization of composite materials com-positions, the number of experiments can be reduced as a result of the experiment mathematical planning [11, 12].
When performing the research by using the conventional methods, the composition and processing factors optimization is associated with a large number of experiments.
Experimental planning methods make it possible to theoretically determine the minimum number and procedure of experiments to obtain a mathematical model.
Balykov, Experimental and statistical models of the properties of modified dispersed reinforced fine grained concrete, Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2(62) (2016) 13-26 (Russian)

This is because with the breaking of the N-H bond in the film, a large number of N dangling bonds appear in the film, and these redundant N bonds combine with Si to form more Si-N bonds.
This experiment prepares Si-rich silicon nitride films containing hydrogen, low electronegativity of the H will make Si-N bonds peak to a low wave number shift, and with the annealing temperature increases, hydrogen precipitation occurs in the film.
This will cause the peak position of Si-N bond to shift in the direction of high wave number.
The above results show that with the increase of annealing temperature, more Si will be precipitated in the film, which is conducive to the formation of amorphous or small grain silicon clusters.

Then, all the substrates were grit blasted by alumina powder with 80 mesh grain size distribution.
Temperature range preoxidation dwelling Phase angles Strain range lifetime* TMF 1 900~200oC 1000oC/100h 5min OP -0.30% 65 2 900~200oC 1000oC/100h 5min OP -0.45% 5 TGMF 3 1000~300oC 1000oC/100h 5min OP -0.30% 692 4 1000~300oC 1000oC/100h 5min OP -0.45% 37 5 1000~300oC - 5min OP -0.45% 340 6 1000~300oC - - OP -0.45% 1500 *The lifetime means the number of cycles when TBCs spallation occurred Results and Discussion Fig. 3 TMF/TGMF lifetime of TBC systems.
TBC spallation occurred after various numbers of cycles and the TMF/TGMF lifetime (It means the number of cycles when TBCs spallation occurred rather than the rupture of the sample) is drawn in Fig. 3.

Introduction The microstructure in 6000 series alloys can be described in terms of grain structure (size, shape, texture), intermetallic phases, precipitates and the matrix; all of which are determined by the alloy content and production processing route.
Although the number of intermetallics identified is small (total 50 particles), the results show a consistent trend for the intermetallics to have a decreasing ratio of Fe:Si (from α → β → π) with increasing alloy Si content. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Microprobe line trace (pos.)
Table 3: Combined TEM and SEM results for number and type of Fe-intermetallics, in order of alloy Si (*no data on alloy L5).
Further SEM-EDS work was undertaken to increase the number of intermetallic particles measured for alloys L1, L4 & L7 in T4 heat-treated extrusions.

Introduction Oxynitride glasses exist as grain boundary phases in silicon nitride ceramics.
In order to improve creep and other properties of silicon nitride ceramics and to understand the nature of the oxynitride glasses containing different rare-earth elements, which are used as sintering additives in silicon nitride ceramics, a number of investigations on bulk oxynitride glass structure and properties have been undertaken over the last two decades.
The number of tests for each glass depended on the number of available samples.

All such aspects of this approach are being pursued in the IMPRESS (Intermetallic Materials Processing in Relation to Earth and Space Solidification) research project, which has a number of scientific and technical objectives that will lead to the creation of advanced prototypes for extreme applications.
One of the main scientific objectives of the IMPRESS project is quantitative determination and understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that control growth and evolution of grains, including the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), during solidification of γ-TiAl intermetallic alloys.
However, once validated and/or verified, the approach developed in this work is generally applicable to a number of solidification processes and furnaces. 0 100 200 300 Time [s] 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 Tip velocity [cm/s] 0 10 20 30 Gradient at the tip [K/cm] Tip velocity [cm/s] Gradient at the tip [K/cm] Cooling rate = 0.32 [K/s] - upper surface Cooling rate = 0.12 [K/s] - upper surface 0 100 200 300 Time [s] 0 1 2 3 4 Dendrite tip undercooling [K] 0 1 2 3 4 Equiaxed Index, Ieq [Kcm-2] Dendrite tip undercooling [K] Equiaxed Index, [Kcm-2] Fig. 6.
FTM numerical simulation: a) a dendritic tip velocity and gradient at the tip; b) an equiaxed index and dendrite tip undercooling Acknowledgements This work has been supported by the IMPRESS Integrated Project in the 6th Framework Programme co-funded by the European Commission (contract number NMP-CT-2004-500635) and the European Space Agency.

Regarding the fatigue tests, this study uses a standard theoretical model to derive curves of amplitude stress versus number of cycles for the current nanotubes.
Regarding the fatigue test, this study uses a standard theoretical model to derive curves of amplitude stress versus number of cycles for the current nanotubes.
(C) Cyclic stress versus number of cycles to failure for a representative GaNNT with various temperatures. 3.4 Mechanical characteristics of carbon nanotube (CNT) junction.
Chiang, Effects of grain size and orientation on mechanical and tribological characterizations of nanocrystalline nickel films, Wear 303 (2013) 262-268 [6] P.C.

That produced an scenario of scarcity of polysilicon, which made prices climb up to the hundred of dollars level, shrinked the capacity expansions already planned by a great number of PV companies, and put into trouble to those which were not able to secure their polysilicon feedstock.
Traditional polysilicon suppliers reacted expanding production, and a number of newcomers tried to enter the market, acquiring the technology by themselves or even exploring the viability of new sources of purified silicon [[] M.
But further purification in these cases is required, for which a three step process known as “Siemens process” is conventionally performed: metallurgical silicon reacts with hydrogen chloride in a fluidized bed reactor to synthesize a volatile compound, thrichlorosilane, which can be fractionally distilled in a number of columns, and then deposited as solid silicon by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) on slim seed rods heated by Joule effect.
For example, by directional solidification they take advantage of the high liquid-solid segregation coefficient of metallic impurities; by leaching they eliminate metallic silicides in the grain boundaries; by slagging, gas blowing, evaporation and plasma torch they try to reduce the concentration of boron and/or phosphorus;… [[] N.

The SLM process enables the direct melting of powders of a number of metals, such as titanium, steel, chrome cobalt, aluminum alloys, and building of parts through a “layer by layer” approach.
Cold-finishing is necessary as to not temper or work harden the surface during preparation. [10] Micro Hardness Measuring The micro hardness is measured using the Micro hardness tester FM 700, a device that can measure the HV hardness on micrometric surfaces (on the grain level) on metals and nonmetals using load forces between 1- 1000 [gf].
To obtain a Vickers hardness number, HV, that is an expression of hardness, the applied force is divided to a Vickers indenter by the surface area of the permanent indentation made by the indenter.
The Vickers hardness number, in terms of [gf] and [μm], is calculated as follows [11]: HV=1854.4×Pd2, (2) where: P is force in [gf] and d is mean diagonal length of the indentation, [μm] (Fig.10.)