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Online since: November 2024
Authors: Fernando Edsel Guerra Vega, Carlos Bueno, Héctor Juárez, Rene Pérez-Cuapio, José Alberto Alvarado
Fig. 1.
Table 1.
Parameters FTO TiO2 CsPbBr3 Spiro-OMeTAD Band gap (eV) 3.5 3.2 2.34 2.9 Electron Affinity (eV) 4.0 4.26 3.5 2.45 Dielectric Permittivity, εr 9.0 10.0 22 3.0 Effective density of states in conduction band (1/cm3) 2.2×1017 2.0×1018 2.2×1019 2.5×1018 Effective density of states in valence band (1/cm3) 2.2×1016 1.8×1019 1.0×1019 1.8×1019 Electron thermal velocity (cm/s) 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 Hole thermal velocity (cm/s) 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 Electron mobility (cm2/Vs) 20 20 2.4 2.0×10-4 Hole mobility (cm2/Vs) 10 10 2.4 2.0×10-4 Donor concentration (1/cm3) 1.0×1017 1.0×1016-20 --------------- ------------- Acceptor concentration (1/cm3) ------------- -------------- 1.0×1014-18 1.0×1016-20 Thickness (nm) 300 10-300 100-1000 100-500 It is important to mention that three important characteristics need further analysis in a solar cell: (1) energy band diagram, which, through the bending bands can provide an idea about the carrier distribution throughout the device on the
References [1] V.
Rauschenbach, Resistance effects on measurements, Advanced Energy Conversion. 3 (1963) 455–479
Table 1.
Parameters FTO TiO2 CsPbBr3 Spiro-OMeTAD Band gap (eV) 3.5 3.2 2.34 2.9 Electron Affinity (eV) 4.0 4.26 3.5 2.45 Dielectric Permittivity, εr 9.0 10.0 22 3.0 Effective density of states in conduction band (1/cm3) 2.2×1017 2.0×1018 2.2×1019 2.5×1018 Effective density of states in valence band (1/cm3) 2.2×1016 1.8×1019 1.0×1019 1.8×1019 Electron thermal velocity (cm/s) 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 Hole thermal velocity (cm/s) 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 1.0×107 Electron mobility (cm2/Vs) 20 20 2.4 2.0×10-4 Hole mobility (cm2/Vs) 10 10 2.4 2.0×10-4 Donor concentration (1/cm3) 1.0×1017 1.0×1016-20 --------------- ------------- Acceptor concentration (1/cm3) ------------- -------------- 1.0×1014-18 1.0×1016-20 Thickness (nm) 300 10-300 100-1000 100-500 It is important to mention that three important characteristics need further analysis in a solar cell: (1) energy band diagram, which, through the bending bands can provide an idea about the carrier distribution throughout the device on the
References [1] V.
Rauschenbach, Resistance effects on measurements, Advanced Energy Conversion. 3 (1963) 455–479
Online since: December 2020
Authors: Haia Aldosari
Raman data were gathered at a spectroscopic resolution of 1.2cm-1.
Tables Table 1.
Thermal degradation temperatures of the of PE/GO, PP/GO,PB/GO and PBC/GO nanocomposites Polymer matrix ID GO% Tonset (ᵒC) T50% (ᵒC) T 95% (ᵒC) PE 0.00 365±3 394±3 502±3 0.25 475±3 488±3 513±3 0.50 475±3 493±3 514±3 1.00 480±3 494±3 517±3 2.00 478±3 493±3 546±3 4.00 474±3 492±3 521±3 PP 0.00 276±3 303±3 344±3 0.25 440±3 472±3 494±3 0.50 452±3 473±3 496±3 1.00 409±3 443±3 481±3 2.00 445±3 470±3 494±3 4.00 453±3 473±3 497±3 PB 0.00 257±3 372±3 463±3 0.25 389±3 439±3 487±3 0.50 456±3 480±3 506±3 1.00 463±3 482±3 482±3 2.00 462±3 484±3 513±3 4.00 418±3 459±3 583±3 PBC 0.00 407±3 441±3 479±3 0.25 447±3 474±3 505±3 0.50 455±3 479±3 507±3 1.00 457±3 478±3 506±3 2.00 458±3 480±3 507±3 4.00 433±3 468±3 507±3 Figures Figure 1.
The DSC parameters of PE and PP and their GO nanocomposites Specimens ID Tc (ᵒC) Tm (ᵒC) ∆Hm J/g ∆T (ᵒC) Xc(%) PE 103±1 124±1 77 21 26 PE/GO.25 104±1 122±1 62 18 21 PE/GO.5 105±1 123±1 61 18 21 PE/GO1 106±1 123±1 65 17 22 PE/GO2 107±1 123±1 68 16 23 PE/GO4 108±1 123±1 69 15 23 PP 119±1 167±1 100 49 26 PP/GO.25 117±1 166±1 73 49 21 PP/GO.5 117±1 167±1 76 50 21 PP/GO1 117±1 167±1 79 50 22 PP/GO2 119±1 166±1 76 47 23 PP/GO4 120±1 168±1 74 48 23 Supplementary Table 4.
The DSC parameters of PB/GO and PBC/GO nanocomposites Specimens ID GO% Tc (ᵒC) Tm (ᵒC) ∆Hm J/g Xc(%) PE PP PE PP PE PP PE PP PB PB 0.00 109±1 115±1 123±1 166±1 15 46 5 22 27 0.25 106±1 116±1 123±1 166±1 23 39 8 19 27 0.50 107±1 118±1 123±1 166±1 29 36 10 14 24 1.00 107±1 117±1 123±1 166±1 26 37 9 18 27 2.00 107±1 118±1 123±1 166±1 27 35 9 17 26 4.00 106±1 117±1 124±1 167±1 23 41 9 20 28 PBC 0.00 106±1 114±1 122±1 164±1 23 33 4 23 27 0.25 107±1 116±1 123±1 166±1 29 43 10 21 31 0.50 105±1 114±1 123±1 166±1 28 38 10 18 28 1.00 106±1 114±1 123±1 165±1 26 40 9 19 28 2.00 108±1 117±1 123±1 166±1 28 36 10 17 27 4.00 106±1 133±1 123±1 166±1 26 35 9 17 26 Supplementary Table 5. the elastic modulus and the tensile strength at break of the of the of PE/GO, PP/GO,PB/GO and PBC/GO nanocomposites Specimens ID Elastic modulus (MPa) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) PE 38±6 17 ±2 PE/GO.25 32±3 8±5 PE/GO.5 26±7 9 ±6 PE/GO1 25±2 12±4 PE/GO2 34±1 14 ±7 PE/GO4 43±5 16 ±10 PP 880±50 34±1 PP/GO.25 29±1 7±1 PP
Tables Table 1.
Thermal degradation temperatures of the of PE/GO, PP/GO,PB/GO and PBC/GO nanocomposites Polymer matrix ID GO% Tonset (ᵒC) T50% (ᵒC) T 95% (ᵒC) PE 0.00 365±3 394±3 502±3 0.25 475±3 488±3 513±3 0.50 475±3 493±3 514±3 1.00 480±3 494±3 517±3 2.00 478±3 493±3 546±3 4.00 474±3 492±3 521±3 PP 0.00 276±3 303±3 344±3 0.25 440±3 472±3 494±3 0.50 452±3 473±3 496±3 1.00 409±3 443±3 481±3 2.00 445±3 470±3 494±3 4.00 453±3 473±3 497±3 PB 0.00 257±3 372±3 463±3 0.25 389±3 439±3 487±3 0.50 456±3 480±3 506±3 1.00 463±3 482±3 482±3 2.00 462±3 484±3 513±3 4.00 418±3 459±3 583±3 PBC 0.00 407±3 441±3 479±3 0.25 447±3 474±3 505±3 0.50 455±3 479±3 507±3 1.00 457±3 478±3 506±3 2.00 458±3 480±3 507±3 4.00 433±3 468±3 507±3 Figures Figure 1.
The DSC parameters of PE and PP and their GO nanocomposites Specimens ID Tc (ᵒC) Tm (ᵒC) ∆Hm J/g ∆T (ᵒC) Xc(%) PE 103±1 124±1 77 21 26 PE/GO.25 104±1 122±1 62 18 21 PE/GO.5 105±1 123±1 61 18 21 PE/GO1 106±1 123±1 65 17 22 PE/GO2 107±1 123±1 68 16 23 PE/GO4 108±1 123±1 69 15 23 PP 119±1 167±1 100 49 26 PP/GO.25 117±1 166±1 73 49 21 PP/GO.5 117±1 167±1 76 50 21 PP/GO1 117±1 167±1 79 50 22 PP/GO2 119±1 166±1 76 47 23 PP/GO4 120±1 168±1 74 48 23 Supplementary Table 4.
The DSC parameters of PB/GO and PBC/GO nanocomposites Specimens ID GO% Tc (ᵒC) Tm (ᵒC) ∆Hm J/g Xc(%) PE PP PE PP PE PP PE PP PB PB 0.00 109±1 115±1 123±1 166±1 15 46 5 22 27 0.25 106±1 116±1 123±1 166±1 23 39 8 19 27 0.50 107±1 118±1 123±1 166±1 29 36 10 14 24 1.00 107±1 117±1 123±1 166±1 26 37 9 18 27 2.00 107±1 118±1 123±1 166±1 27 35 9 17 26 4.00 106±1 117±1 124±1 167±1 23 41 9 20 28 PBC 0.00 106±1 114±1 122±1 164±1 23 33 4 23 27 0.25 107±1 116±1 123±1 166±1 29 43 10 21 31 0.50 105±1 114±1 123±1 166±1 28 38 10 18 28 1.00 106±1 114±1 123±1 165±1 26 40 9 19 28 2.00 108±1 117±1 123±1 166±1 28 36 10 17 27 4.00 106±1 133±1 123±1 166±1 26 35 9 17 26 Supplementary Table 5. the elastic modulus and the tensile strength at break of the of the of PE/GO, PP/GO,PB/GO and PBC/GO nanocomposites Specimens ID Elastic modulus (MPa) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) PE 38±6 17 ±2 PE/GO.25 32±3 8±5 PE/GO.5 26±7 9 ±6 PE/GO1 25±2 12±4 PE/GO2 34±1 14 ±7 PE/GO4 43±5 16 ±10 PP 880±50 34±1 PP/GO.25 29±1 7±1 PP
Online since: February 2015
Authors: I. Malico, P.J.S.A. Ferreira de Sousa
The equation for conservation of mass reads:
, (1)
in which u the velocity vector.
To numerically solve Eq. 1 through 3, the conservation equations are spatially discretized on a uniform Cartesian staggered mesh by finite differences (see Fig. 1).
References [1] S.
Peskin, The immersed boundary method, Acta Numerica 11 (2002) 479-517
Heat Mass Transfer 58 (2013) 471-479
To numerically solve Eq. 1 through 3, the conservation equations are spatially discretized on a uniform Cartesian staggered mesh by finite differences (see Fig. 1).
References [1] S.
Peskin, The immersed boundary method, Acta Numerica 11 (2002) 479-517
Heat Mass Transfer 58 (2013) 471-479
Online since: October 2006
Authors: Koji Morita, Yoshio Sakka, Keijiro Hiraga, Byung Nam Kim, Tohru Suzuki
Since the discovery
of this ability in a yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) [1], superplastic shaping (Fig. 1) and
joining [2] have been tried in ceramic materials.
b a 200μ Fig. 7 Comparison of cavitation damage between (a) ZrO2-MgO⋅Al2O3-Al2O3 [28] deformed to 2500% at 1650 °C and at 10-1 s-1 and (b) ZrO2- Al2O3 [9] deformed to ~550% at 1500 °C and at 10-4 s-1.
References [1] F.
Vol. 1 (1986), p. 259
Forum Vol. 475-479 (2005), p. 2977
b a 200μ Fig. 7 Comparison of cavitation damage between (a) ZrO2-MgO⋅Al2O3-Al2O3 [28] deformed to 2500% at 1650 °C and at 10-1 s-1 and (b) ZrO2- Al2O3 [9] deformed to ~550% at 1500 °C and at 10-4 s-1.
References [1] F.
Vol. 1 (1986), p. 259
Forum Vol. 475-479 (2005), p. 2977
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Zhi Jian Liu, Rong Huang, Zhi Hua Yang
However, most of local plants are small hydropower stations[1].
A Comprehensive Model for Prediction (1)The PLS model Suppose the monthly output as a dependent variable, factors. .
The original data is shown in Tab.1.
References [1] Xu Wei,Luo Xin,et al.Application of two-phase reduction method in load forecasting for regions with abundant small hydropower[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(8):87~92
[2] Zhao Qian,Li Jiuhong,et al.Grey prediction model for annual energy output of a hydropower station without storage[J].Journal of Shananxi Water Power,2001,17(3):1~4
A Comprehensive Model for Prediction (1)The PLS model Suppose the monthly output as a dependent variable, factors. .
The original data is shown in Tab.1.
References [1] Xu Wei,Luo Xin,et al.Application of two-phase reduction method in load forecasting for regions with abundant small hydropower[J].Power System Technology,2009,33(8):87~92
[2] Zhao Qian,Li Jiuhong,et al.Grey prediction model for annual energy output of a hydropower station without storage[J].Journal of Shananxi Water Power,2001,17(3):1~4
Online since: October 2023
Authors: Mohd Amirul B. Mohd Snin, Izwan B. Johari, Nuratikah Ahmad Nordin, Noor Nabila Aznan, Nurulfatin Aqilah Mohd Yazid
Figure 1 Shredded PLFG
2.1.5 Coated expanded polystyrene beads
CEPS beads used in this study was Poly-A (see Figure 2).
The total number of samples for each type of test is shown in Table 1.
Table 2 Mix proportion of hollow concrete blocks for all samples Mix Batched Quantity OPC (kg) Water (Litre) River Sand (kg) Silica fume (kg) Coated expanded beads (kg) Powder free latex glove (kg) Replacement percentage (%) Control samples 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 SF samples 0.95 1 6 0.05 0 0 5% CEPS samples 1 0.5 5.1 0 0.9 0 15% PFLG samples 1 1 5.8 0 0 0.2 3.3% 3.3 Mixing, Casting and Curing Process The mixing process begins by mixing the dry ingredients - sand, silica fume/ coated expanded polystyrene beads/ powder free latex glove and cement in the concrete mixer for 2 minutes until it achieves homogeneous mix.
References [1] ASTM C642-13, 2013.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(7), 479-481. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.7.479 [30] Rivas-Vázquez, L.
The total number of samples for each type of test is shown in Table 1.
Table 2 Mix proportion of hollow concrete blocks for all samples Mix Batched Quantity OPC (kg) Water (Litre) River Sand (kg) Silica fume (kg) Coated expanded beads (kg) Powder free latex glove (kg) Replacement percentage (%) Control samples 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 SF samples 0.95 1 6 0.05 0 0 5% CEPS samples 1 0.5 5.1 0 0.9 0 15% PFLG samples 1 1 5.8 0 0 0.2 3.3% 3.3 Mixing, Casting and Curing Process The mixing process begins by mixing the dry ingredients - sand, silica fume/ coated expanded polystyrene beads/ powder free latex glove and cement in the concrete mixer for 2 minutes until it achieves homogeneous mix.
References [1] ASTM C642-13, 2013.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(7), 479-481. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.7.479 [30] Rivas-Vázquez, L.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Dong Bok Lee, Yeon Sang Hwang
The WC and TiC particles were embedded in the Co binder (Fig. 1(a)).
Fig. 1.
The XRD pattern shown in Fig. 4(d) indicates that the oxide scale consisted of CoWO4 (JCPDS No. 72-0479) as the major phase, and WO3 (JCPDS No. 72-1465) [1] and rutile-TiO2 (JCPDS No. 21-1276) as the minor ones.
WC(s) oxidizes to WO3(s), according to the eq. (1), WC(s) + 2 O2(g) = WO3(s)+ CO(g) (1) This results in 183 % weight gain [3], and 254 % volume expansion.
References [1] S.N.
Fig. 1.
The XRD pattern shown in Fig. 4(d) indicates that the oxide scale consisted of CoWO4 (JCPDS No. 72-0479) as the major phase, and WO3 (JCPDS No. 72-1465) [1] and rutile-TiO2 (JCPDS No. 21-1276) as the minor ones.
WC(s) oxidizes to WO3(s), according to the eq. (1), WC(s) + 2 O2(g) = WO3(s)+ CO(g) (1) This results in 183 % weight gain [3], and 254 % volume expansion.
References [1] S.N.
The Development of Interphase Precipitated Nanometre-Sized Carbides in the Advanced Low-Alloy Steels
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Jer Ren Yang, H.W. Yen, C.Y. Chen, C.Y. Huang
It is worth noting that there were several other preferred sheet planes around {2 1 0}α, {2 1 1}α , and {1 1 1}α, which can occur either at the high temperatures (720 and 700℃) or at the low temperatures (680, 650 and 630℃).
and ; and ; and [1 0 1]MX∥[1 0 0]ferrite.
The sheet planes are oriented close to (2 1 1)α , (1 1 1)α , and (2 1 0)α as shown in Fig. 3, and the possible slip planes can be {1 1 0}α , {1 1 2}α , and {1 2 3}α .
Summary 1.
References [1] A.T.
and ; and ; and [1 0 1]MX∥[1 0 0]ferrite.
The sheet planes are oriented close to (2 1 1)α , (1 1 1)α , and (2 1 0)α as shown in Fig. 3, and the possible slip planes can be {1 1 0}α , {1 1 2}α , and {1 2 3}α .
Summary 1.
References [1] A.T.
Online since: February 2026
Authors: Junjira Junpattanasit, Attaphon Kaewvilai, Jednupong Palomas, Chayanee Tippayasam
(a) (b)
Fig. 1.
PWHT was conducted at 650 °C for 20 minutes based on optimal conditions determined in Phase 1.
In Phase 1 (A36/A304 with ER308L), all fractures occurred on the carbon steel side.
References [1] W.
A 688 (2017) 470-479
PWHT was conducted at 650 °C for 20 minutes based on optimal conditions determined in Phase 1.
In Phase 1 (A36/A304 with ER308L), all fractures occurred on the carbon steel side.
References [1] W.
A 688 (2017) 470-479