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Majid1,l 1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia afendisma@gmail.com, brozana@utm.my, csanibalarabea@yahoo.co.uk, dfookianseng@gmail.com, eotempera_naadia@yahoo.com, fyazlin@llmnet.gov.my, groslizin@utm.my, hmushairry@utm.my, idary.men@gmail.com, jnorhalizahamzah@utm.my, knurfatimah@utm.my, lmzaimi@utm.my Keyword: Highways, Elements, Green Highways Abstract.
The identified elements were then being evaluated through questionnaire survey forms administered to experienced engineers, consultants, contractors, government representatives and academicians.
H., “Green Construction Engineering Projects – A Study of Establishing the Design Regulations and Standards of Green Highway Construction Engineering,” Research Report of the Public Construction Commission, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2001) [2] Hsieh, C.
L., “Introduction to the Promotion Strategies for Ecological Engineering Methods on Roadway Engineering,” 2004 International Conference on Ecological Engineering Methods, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C (2004) [3] Huang, R.
Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 31(4):573-585 (2008) [6] T.

Engineering Structures, 51, 151-161
Composites Part B: Engineering, 54, 97-111
Composites Part B: Engineering, 50: 413-428
Engineering Structures, 49: 1068-1088
Composites Part B: Engineering, 55: 607-634

Rock pressure sensors adopted TCT type earth pressure, which measured by Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute of Geotechnical Engineering.
According to the geological survey data obtained in the background engineering and previous test experience, the main layer needed to simulate overburden layer, upper layer of the arch and lower layer.
(In Chinese) [3] Mengshu Wang: Shallow-buried Technology General Theory of Underground Plant Engineering[M].Hefei:Anhui Education Press. 2004.
(In Chinese) [4] Yingren Zheng and Shangyi Zhao: Limit State Finite Element Method for Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Its Applications[J].China Civil Engineering Journal, 2005,38(1): 91-104.
(In Chinese) [7]Fangle Peng and Yanbo Cao: Finite Element Analysis Method on Bearing Capacity and Progressive Failure of Reinforced-sand Retaining Walls[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering. 2011,V30(S2):3703-3713.

Seismic Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings AVILA-HARO Jorge Arturo1,a, ELSHOURA Ahmed Saad2,b and MACA Jiri3,c * 1Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya – BarcelonaTech, Barcelona College of Industrial Engineering, Comte d’Urgell 187, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 2Mansoura University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Structural Engineering, 60 Elgomhoria st, Mansoura, Egypt 3Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Mechanics, Thakurova 7, CZ-166 29 Praha 6, Czech Republic ajorge.avila-haro@upc.edu, bel-shoura@hotmail.com, cmaca@fsv.cvut.cz Keywords: performance-based seismic design, non-linear static procedures, incremental dynamic analysis, unreinforced masonry Abstract.
Gaspersic, The N2 method for the seismic damage analysis of RC buildings, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 25 (1996) 31-46
Earthquake Engineering, Springer Verlag, Netherlands, 2013, pp. 273-295
Avila-Haro et al., Deterministic and Probabilistic Earthquake Scenarios for the Seismic Risk Analysis of URM buildings, Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (2013) 537-540
[9] ATENA - Advanced Tool for Engineering Nonlinear Analysis, Cervenka Consulting, Prague, Czech Republic.

Effects of the End-Zone Reinforcements and Strand-Debonding on the Temporal Changes of Principal Stresses at the Ends of the Hollow PC-Girders Abdul Khaliq KARIMI1,2,a,*, Ryota UCHIDA3,b, Agha Mohammad FAZLI4,c, Jun TOMIYAMA5,d, Bashir Ahmad AASIM1,2,e and Yuya SUDA6,f 1Civil Engineering Department, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 2Civil Engineering Department, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan 3FUJI P.S corporation, Kyusyu Kotake Factory, Kyusyu, Japan 4Energy Engineering Department, Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan 5Civil Engineering Department, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan 6Civil Engineering Department, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan akarimi@kdru.edu.af, brkt.01.sk@gmail.com, cEngineering@kdru.edu.af, djun-t@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp, ebashir.aasim@kdru.edu.af, fysuda@tec.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.
World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(02), 325
In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1054, No. 1, p. 012011).
Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal
Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 21(3), 437-447

The authors thank the support offered by the department of aerospace engineering especially to Mr.
Saravana Kumar, Engineering Technician, Mr.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) 9 2 (2013) 63-69
Arch Civil Mech Eng. 14 2014 489–96
Applied Thermal Engineering 60 (2013) 25-284.

Applicability Study on Method of Stability Analysis for Suspendome Structures Kairong Shia, Zhengrong Jiangb, Shitong Wangc School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China akrshi@scut.edu.cn, bzhrjiang@scut.edu.cn, ckjjgxh@126.com Keywords: Suspendome; Stability; Initial Imperfection; Buckling Mode Abstract.
‘Consistent Mode Imperfections Method’, which is widely adopted during the analysis and design of practical engineering projects, is a typical representative of the deterministic imperfection method.
Strictly speaking, the ‘Consistent Mode Imperfections Method’ is feasible for experimental study but unrealistic for design of practical engineering projects.
The lowest order (i.e. the first order) buckling mode is widely adopted as initial imperfection distribution pattern of latticed shell structures in practical engineering projects.
Vol. 38 (2003), P. 1119-1132 [5] Tang Gan, Zhao Huilin, Zhao Caiqi: China Civil Engineering Journal.

This paper aims at research on fundamental principles of long concrete wall cracks in basement on the basis of series basic experiments and engineering practices.
Engineering practices show that adjacent concrete structures with sudden stiffness changes are much easier to have cracks.
Select a typical construction segment from basement long continuous wall, and choose a length of 8.2x3 to conduct modeling analysis based on engineering characteristics.
References [1] Wang Tiemeng, Control Technology on Cracks in Engineering Structures, Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2007
[3] China Civil Engineering Society, Control Guides for Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Structures, Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2004

The method of flexible connection suggested in standard has not been widely used in actual engineering, and rigid connection was adopted in universal.
However, in actual engineering, the rigid connection is used widely.
Journal of Civil Engineering in China, Vol. 43(2010), No.11, p. 46-54
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.123(1997), No.11, p.604-613
Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol.33(2000), No.1, p.40-47

Elastic-plastic analysis of partial single long-span complex frame structure under rare earthquake in high seismic intensity zone Jianwen Wang 1,a, Fei Liang2,b, Wenbo Sun1,c 1Architectural Design and Research Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China. 2College of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
In the actual engineering, the pure single span frame structure should generally be avoided.
In terms of civil construction, there is a possibility of ‘single long-span’, such as a gym, a swimming pool and so on.
Based on the actual situation of a certain engineering, the performance of the two existing partial single long-span structures in high seismic intensity zone under rare earthquake is discussed, and some useful conclusions are obtained and can be used as an engineering practice.
Journal of Structual Engineering, 1985,111(4):740-757 [7] Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC), LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual