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To remove casting porosity and obtain smaller crystal grains, many large forgings need ingots to be upset axially with large ratio of height to diameter (H/D) greater than 3.
The is the effective plastic strain at nodes, and the n is the node number.

The average grain size of the base metal, HAZ and weld nugget was estimated to be 85 μm, 76 μm and 47 μm respectively.
By fitting power law, between stiffness (S) and number of cycles (N) and hysteresis energy (H) and number of cycles (N), it is possible to assess the quality of the material being tested.
The exponent in the power law indicates the rate at which the mechanical property degrades with the number of cycles.
Material Power law R2 Base Metal S=52.661 N-0.017 0.874 HAZ S=56.062 N-0.021 0.905 Weld zone S=59.262 N-0.023 0.960 Fig. 6: a) Variation of stiffness (S) with number of cycles, b) Hysteresis energy (H) – number of cycles curve.
The displacement variation of the indenter may also be characterized in a similar way with the number of cycles to failure.

The change in the mechanical properties of metals and alloys at temperature depends on the type of crystal lattice and the imperfection of its structure, grain size, inclusions of atoms of alloying elements, and the phase composition of the alloy.
- fourier number for a cylinder.
In factory conditions, n-th number of cutting tools will be immersed in a nitrogen bath.
The number of holes drilled by the drill before the first regrinding.
Dependence of measurement of steel microhardness on the number of heat treatment cycles.

Field test data on influence of MgCl2 content on sodium removal Test data collected under carefully monitored and controlled conditions at a number of casthouses is presented as follows: Tables 1&2 show the comparisons made between a 40%MgCl2 and a 60-65% MgCl2 containing product applied manually in two identical 50 tonne furnaces at a smelter casting 5xxx alloy.
Figure 3: Effect of increasing MgCl2 content from 60% to 75%, Robichaud, [5] So, the evidence from practical evaluations from a number of different sources is clearly that alkali removal efficiency is not influenced by the % of MgCl2 in the fused salt contrary to the widely held view at the time.
This trend is due to the increase in global demand for potash fertilizer for the production of grain crops and biofuels.

HE County 5-20mm continuous gradation basalt gravel, mud content 0.2%, the apparent density of 2630kg/m3; round grain shape, crushing value 5.2%.
Table 1 Test mixtures ratio of self-compacting concrete, kg/m3 Sample number cement Fly ash slag Water reducer SCC sand gravel water CE0 381 136 49 8.0 0 856 856 165 CE8 361 111 49 8.0 45 856 856 165 CE10 355 105 49 8.0 57 856 856 165 CE12 349 100 49 8.0 68 856 856 165 Specimens preparation and test methods Restricted expansion rate test: according to the national standard (GB 50119).
Table 2 Workability, limited expansion ratio and compressive strength sample number slump flow /mm J-ring slump flow /mm Segrega-tion rate /% 14d limited expansion ratio /×10-4 28d restrained shrinkage ratio /×10-4 28d compressive strength /MPa C0 655 620 8.0 - - 45.5 CE1 680 650 6.5 1.80 3.50 48.4 CE2 690 675 5.0 2.35 2.40 49.0 CE3 715 705 3.5 3.85 1.35 50.2 Early age autogenous shrinkage Sample of not with expansion agent, and the SCC expansive agent dosage of 12% self compacting concrete at early age autogenous shrinkage curves are shown in fig 3.

Clay dikes, hydraulic caps and liners for hazardous containment systems, waste lagoons, cores in earth dams and other environmental isolation tasks are examples of structures built with compacted fine grained soils [1-3].
The large specific surface of montmorillonite (the primary clay mineral in bentonite) combined with its large net negative charge and an ability for interlayer swelling resulted in adsorption of a large number of hydrated cations as well as adsorption of water molecules, and interlayer separation during hydration [8, 11; 23].
These results are similar to those reported by a number of researchers (for example 11, 20, 26) for other soil - bentonite mixtures.

The finer grain size and greater liquid viscosity bring about the greater difficulty of concentrating and the higher cost.
Ceramic membrane is asymmetric membrane made of a ceramic material, and multi-channel tubular shape, a large number of pores distributed on the wall, the particles in the liquid under pressure which greater or similar with the pore size of the membrane will be retained, the others less than the membrane pore size will through the membrane, then achieve the purposes: particle separation, enrichment and concentration [2].
Membrane Cleaning After a period of operation, a large number of fine particles will be deposited in the membrane surface and inside, which can result significant reduce in membrane flux, so improving the life of the ceramic membrane through membrane cleaning is essential.

Increase the number of checking if there is a doubt that the amount of coal has an exception.
Its sample collector has a working pattern of: 6 rotary stations; sample grain size ≤ 6mm.The sample tank capacity is 16L / piece; the number of sample cans is 6.

It can be seen in 3D images that the thin film has a hill-valley-like morphology made of small grains.
The diagram shows that the surfactant and the number of layers have affect pores and particle size.
It is obvious that the thickness increases with the number of dippings: the thickness of one-layer coatings is from 0.09 to 0.11 μm, but that of six-layer coatings is from 0.12 to 0.15 μm.

The selection criteria for powder or filament-based raw materials are manufacturability, shelf life, stability (reactivity) and ability to make maximum number of components with minimum number of stock materials.
Grain size becomes comparable to feature size, diffusion distances are shorter, material flow occurs in confined spaces and material becomes sensitive to inhomogeneities and flaws.