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Radial forging of tubes without mandrel and hollow-axle has been simulated and the results showed a good agreement with the published experimental data[3,4].
Roll-forging for the round sectional billet was completed in the first pass, and the effect of the reduction on the width-extension and elongation is shown in Fig.4(a).
It is seen that the width-extension nearly linearly increases, and the elongation slowly increases with the increase of the reduction.
Roll-forging for the oval sectional billet was completed in the second pass, and the effect of the reduction on the width-extension and elongation is shown in Fig.4(b).The width-extension slowly increases with the increase of the reduction, and it suddenly increases when the reduction comes up to 10.5 mm;.The elongation slowly increases with the increase of the reduction, and it suddenly increases when the reduction comes up to 8.7 mm;.
In the first pass, the width-extension nearly linearly increases, and the elongation slowly increases with the increase of the reduction; In the second pass, at the beginning, the elongation and the width-extension slowly increase, and then suddenly increase with the increase of the reduction.

Since it has mainly been applied focusing on civil engineering structure, however, research data on mechanical area structure is very limited.
In addition, objective data on the superiority and economic value of technology can be obtained through independent LCA analytical technology.
In the case of Intercity Bus in Canada, it presented 4.5% and 10% cost reduction effects respectively for 9% vehicle frame weight reduction and 20% weight reduction for fuel costs in operating costs as a result of vehicle frame weight reduction using composite from 9% up to 20%.
As for ecological cost savings costs according to respective weight reduction rates, they were found to be 9.8 million won (9% weight reduction), 21.8 million won (20% weight reduction), 15 million won (14% weight reduction) and 18 million won (16.5% weight reduction) during 9 years.
This study considered transportation vehicle frame of composite structure being produced domestically, and it presented basic data on partial cost research method on LCA from the initial production to operation and disposal of mechanical and aircraft structure applied with composite.

Recently, some researchers have used genetic algorithm, data envelopment analysis, desirability function approach etc. for multi response optimization in various fields of engineering [8-10].
Grey data processing must be performed before calculating the grey correlation coefficients.
The grey relational coefficient can be expressed as: γ ((k), yi (k))= ∆min+ ξ∆max∆oj k+ξ∆max (3) Where; Zij is the sequence after the data processing, j = 1,2...n; k = 1,2...m, n is the number of experimental data items and m is the number of responses. yo(k) is the reference sequence (yo(k) = 1, k = 1,2...m); yj(k) is the specific comparison sequence.
Data analysis is made using MINITAB R14 software at 95% of confidence.
[9] Hung-Chang Liao, A data envelopment analysis method for optimizing multi-response problem with censored data in the Taguchi method, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 46 (2004) 817–835

Element Material Additional materials Comment Wall expanded polystyrene (EPS) with graphite glue, fixing, glass fibre net, thin plastering the environmental data of EPS were used Wall reed plate fixing, 2 cm cement plaster the environmental data of straw were used Wall straw bale wooden frame, fixing, 3 cm adobe plaster, iron net, 0.5 cm lime plaster Attic slab cellulose blown-in wooden frame, 9 mm OSB on top Attic slab mineral wool (step-resistant) vapour barrier foil, 9 mm OSB on top Attic slab rigid polyurethane (PUR) 12 mm OSB on top Calculation of the energy demand.
The investment cost of additional insulation and supplementary materials, including the price of material and labour, were taken from cost databases [6], manufacturer data and quotes.
High-quality environmental data from the Swiss ecoinvent 2.0 database was used, with certain modifications to account for the Hungarian circumstances where necessary [7].
Hence the insulation of the slab is always more efficient than the insulation of the walls: with the same amount of material we can achieve a higher energy reduction or the same energy reduction can be achieved with less building material.
Zorkóczy, Building ecological and building biological evaluation system for building constructions based on national data.

To optimize the reduction technology, thermodynamics of SSI reduction was investigated.
Reduction of SSI Spherical Sponge Iron (SSI) with 1~5 mm diameter was prepared through the process of palletizing, roasting and direct reduction by H2.
lnr=ln(-dC/dt)=lnkobs+nlnC (3) According to the kinetic experiment datum in Fig. 2, reaction rate equations of SSI reduction by hydrogen could be calculated and illustrated in Table 1.
Activity energy of SSI reduction.
To optimize the reduction technology, the activity energy of SSI reduction was calculated according to the weight loss curve in this paper.

However, using additional reference data may improve effectiveness.
Last operation in data preprocessing was extrapolating the signal by 5 points on each side.
Example of mode shape before and after data preprocessing is shown in Fig.4.
Mode shape comparison for raw and preprocessed data.
Damage index of pre-processed and raw data comparison.

The application research of ESTA Three connection mode about ODBC, DDE and data file have been explore in the study of ESTA for Windows and Web[3].
For example, call artificial neural network program when reasoning, achieve the database connection , correct the real error problem when interact with the DDE and EXCEL.The connection modes about ODBC, DDE and data file in ESTA for Windows are possible ,and the connection mode about data file in ESTA for Web is possible , other modes need to be discussed.
Introduction of corporate standards of State Grid (Q/GDW 169-2008) «Guide for Condition Evaluation of Oil-immersed Power Transformers(Reactors)» [7] (1) Terms and definitions ①State variables: It represents the various information of device status directly or indirectly, such as data, phenomena and so on. ②Device status: It is divided into normal, attention, abnormal and serious state
(2)Composition and weight of state variable ①Composition of state variable: Raw data, run data, test data and so on. ②State variable weight: According to the impact on equipment operation, it is divided into four level from lighter to heavier, its weight coefficient is 1,2,3,4. ③Degradation degree of state variable: According to degradation degree of state variable, it is divided into four level from lighter to heavier, the basic reduction points is 2,4,8,10. ④Reduction points of state variable: It is equal to the basic points of state variable multiplied by its weight coefficient, the point don’t reduce when normal state
Table 1 Evaluation standard of components evaluation standard components normal attention abnormal serious totol reduction points individual reduction points totol reduction points individual reduction points individual reduction points individual reduction points bulk ≤30 ≤10 >30 12-20 >20-24 >30 bushing ≤20 ≤10 >20 12-20 >20-24 >30 cooler ≤12 ≤10 >20 12-20 >20-24 >30 tap-changer ≤12 ≤10 >20 12-20 >20-24 >30 non-electrical protection ≤12 ≤10 >20 12-20 >20-24 >30 The maintenance strategy should be adjust dynamic according to the results of the transformer evaluation.

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to get the optimal rolling reductions.
Some single target optimization methods for rolling reductions in introduced in reference [2-3].
The reasonable load distribution cannot only make the shape and thickness control more easily, but also decreases energy loss. 2.Rolling load distribution Load distribution of rolling mill is to identify the rolling reduction (or the outlet thickness) of each frame according to certain rolling conditions, including the original data and the requirements of the finished product specifications.
The total rolling reduction of the six frame is =26.5mm.
What’s more, the rolling reduction of the 4-th, 5-th, and 6-th frame decreases in proper order.

The lack of experimental data on triple point diffusion limits a critical evaluation of this possibility.
The lack of data on triple junction mobility in polycrystals limits the critical application of such an approach in nanocrystals.
Figure 4a shows some creep data in nano-Ni in terms of the variation in strain rate with stress.
Figure 4b provides creep data on a fine grained 3 mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia tested over a wide range of conditions [42,43].
The available creep data for metals with grain sizes >20 nm involves high stress exponents, and this may be related to dislocation activity.

The results indicate that plating the base steel with this kind of deposit leads to a reduction of the fatigue life of the material.
The reduction in fatigue life has been quantified in terms of the Basquin parameters of the materials tested under different conditions.
PHT samples, which exceeds the minimum number of specimens required in S-N testing for reliability data according to the ASTM standard 739 (12-24 samples).
b a c b validity of the simple parametric expression of the form earlier proposed by Basquin for the description of this type of data: S=ANf m (1) where A and m represent constants that depend on both material properties and testing conditions.
Table 2 summarizes the values of the parameters A and m for the two sets of data represented in Fig. 2.