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Boron was introduced into Ti-47A1-1.6Fe-1.4V-1.4B in Japan and Ti-47A1-3.5(Nb, Cr, Mn)-0.8(B, Si) in Germany for grain refinement that facilitated thermomechanical processing and enabled better control over the microstructure and therefore mechanical properties [15~21].
Additionally, the melting shows chemical inhomogeneities even on a microscopic scale from one lamellar to the next within a single lamellar grain [29].
Alloy composition and processing route σ0.2, Mpa σb, MPa Elongation, % 1 Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb(Cast, our research) 370 430 0.6 2 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(Forged) 312 347 0.5 3 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb-1B(Forged) 345 445 1.4 4 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(Cast+HIP) 358 468 2.2 5 Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Mn(Cast+HIP) 392 460 0.9 Canned forging and rolling of TiAl alloys In the past, a considerable number of different TiAl alloys were successfully processed.

Kohlschütter's hypothesis is based on the notion that a coating forms in a finely dispersed form and has an increased value of the free energy due to the developed surface of the grains.
The tendency for the free energy to decrease leads to reorganization of the structure in the direction of enlargement of the grains.
A microscopic variant appears when the surface layers of a coating contain a larger number of lattice vacancies than the substrate lattice, and enrichment of the coating surface with vacancies lowers the surface energy.

Substitution of bioactive glasses with different transition and rare earth metals such as Cerium, Lanthanum, zinc, manganese, iron, magnesium and silver to change their biological and bioactive response has been studied by a number of research groups [8-13].
Fine-grained quartz was used as a source of SiO2.
(a) SEM of bioactive glasses BG, Ce1 Ce2, La1 and La2 before immersion in SBF respectively Ce1 The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of bioactive glass samples before soaking in SBF solution are shown in Fig.6(a) which shows different rod type structures and irregular grains of bioactive glass samples which are quite similar to the results observed by Hanan et al. [26].

The surface of the grain part of granite rubble and expanded clay gravel was processed by hydrophobic agent.
Structural changes associated with crack growth and their transition to the rank of internal surfaces of section, along with the processes of hydration of relict binder grains, determine the improvement in the level of mechanical and deformative properties of concrete and expanded clay concrete over time.
In addition, situations are not excluded in which the number of structure-forming cracks per unit volume of a structural block increases with their spontaneous enlargement to the size of cracks-destroyers (volumetric destruction).

The number of core samples had to be limited, due to the fact that the building is listed.
Besides the fibers, the ECC mix design consisted of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 52.5, silica sand with maximum grain size of 300 μm, and silica fume.
It can fill the gaps between cement grains and give mobility to the mix by allowing concrete to flow more easily when energy is applied to it, thus reducing segregation [33].

Asphalt concrete, as well as any material, has disadvantages, which include: significant dependence of its physical and mechanical properties on environmental conditions (temperature, humidity); change of properties of an asphalt concrete pavement with time of its service life which occurs both at the expense of structural changes (certain crushing of grains of a stone material and additional compaction under the traffic load), and because of aging of the binder.
According to a number of researchers, factory-based rejuvenators are more effective than oil-based [15], which is observed as a greater adsorption of the active substance in the pavement layer, higher efficiency in reducing the cracking temperature of asphalt concrete and improvement in fatigue strength.
Table 1 Properties of Lux «ЕD-L» additive Properties Value Appearance The viscous liquid light colored Composition The mixture of vegetable oils Additional component Surfactant additive Density, g/cm3 ~ 1.0 Dynamic viscosity at 25 ºС 600 mPa×s Evaluation of the influence of the rejuvenator on the properties of bitumen is assessed by changing the standard quality indicators - penetration and ductility at 25 °C, softening and breaking point temperatures, adhesion to the glass surface at 85 °C and to the stone (fractions 5 - 10 mm of granite grains from Mokryansky quarry) by the method of rotation in the bottle (Rolling Bottle Test) for 6 h according to DSTU EN 12697-11 [17].

This allows the program to be able to use the coarse-grained data object transmission to improve the efficiency of remote transmission
Add XML configuration file in the control layer The Cairngorm framework does not provide any configuration files, resulting in the mapping between the view layer of the spread of events and the corresponding business process class changes must modify a large number of pages or code.
E4X as a good solution for XML operations, has been a number of emerging programming language to accept and realize, the most typical is ActionScript 3.0 for Flex / Flash programming that it is similar to JavaScript.

When the vibration level due to flaking reached the preset condition of the sensor, the operation was terminated and the number of rotation was recorded as the rolling contact fatigue life of the specimen.
Fig. 3 are the curves of Hertzian stress vs. number of cycles for SAE52100 and AISI4140 specimens, respectively, obtained from the tests under grinding and UNSM.
This causes stress distribution until spall nucleation, and fatigue life improvement can be explained by the combined effect of grain refinement, compressive residual stress, and surface topology.

In order to define the exact energy position of the shallow dislocation-related states with respect to the conduction band we utilized the fact that under application of forward bias voltages Uf our structures behave similar to the grain boundaries or MIS structures where the filling grade of the interface traps is controlled by the potential at the interface.
b) The reduction of activation energy for electron thermoemission from the local electronic states in the core of 60o dislocation as a function of number of electrons in the dislocation core and of applied forward bias to the Schottky diode with the bonded interface at the depth of 160 nm: dotted line – was calculated according to the model of negatively charged dislocation line with an attractive dislocation deformation potential; solid line – the same but with adding of outer electric field of the diode; black dots – the data of energy resolved DLTS.
The own electric field due the non-screened Coulomb potential of dislocation line (Fig. 3a, curve 1) can be written as (1) where q is elemental charge, is dielectric constant, Nl is the number of electrons per length unit of dislocation, r is the distance from dislocation, rcore is the radius of charged core, Ns is the averaged density of the electrons per area unit, D is the interdislocation distance in the bonded interface.

Table 5 The resistance of the samples for comprehensive performance test Test results (Test length L=400mm) The criteria The number of the Al-Cu alloy samples 1 2 3 The resistance of the samples before the sequential tests （µΩ） / 67.68 58.43 58.80 The resistance of the samples after the sequential tests（µΩ） / 64.83 53.75 52.56 The increase of the resistance after the sequential tests（%） ＜50% -0.96 -0.92 -0.89 Test results (Test length L=400mm) The criteria The number of the Al-Cu alloy samples with welding joint 4 5 6 The resistance of the samples before the sequential tests （µΩ） / 68.08 68.08 67.38 The resistance of the samples after the sequential tests（µΩ） / 64.34 63.96 65.27 The increase of the resistance after the sequential tests（%） ＜50% -0.95 -0.94 -0.97 Fig.7 The surface appearances of the samples with a series of sequential tests Environmental Test.
Shot blasting improves the surface energy and nucleation density, which leads to the crystal grain fine of the corrosion products and the oxide film, obtains a dense barrier layer, inhibits the spot corrosion, and improves the corrosion resistance of Al-Cu alloy in test soil.