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Crushing and spalling phenomena About the phenomenon of expulsion of stone portions which constitute the bearing element, it involves a progressive reduction of the resistant cross-section (fig. 5.a) with subsequent detachment of ashlars from the masonry element (fig. 5. b).
Figure 5: a) Reduction of cross-section; b) Expulsion of stone elements; c) Presence of different elements with respect the original material As well known, pulverization is another phenomenon which can amplify the effects of crushing.
In this case, Eb and Ef were assumed equal to 40 and 71 GPa respectively, as indicated by the data sheets provided by the manufacturer.

This also provides reduction of the CO2 emissions (cement industry is responsible for the emission of at least 5-7% of the total carbon dioxide in atmosphere [5]).
Data and methods The main objective of the experimental research presented in this paper was to evaluate the possibilities of application of locally generated fly ash as a partial replacement for cement, in order to obtain cementitious composites (mortar and concrete) with acceptable physical and mechanical properties (such as density, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity).
This usually leads to a decrease in density of the composite, as well as to a reduction of the early strength, as compared to the reference (composites made without the addition of fly ash).

This low mass reduction indicates that at 170° C, the sizing of the basalt fiber is dissolved or decomposed.
A significant reduction in the rut depth and the achievement of the objective criteria are detectable only at an asphalt layer thickness which is the triple particle size.
Tab. 2: Product Data Sheet for outdoor and indoor plates [8] Outdoor Indoor Dimension [mm] 1200 x 800 400 x 400 Thickness [mm] 50 15 Static penetration depth [mm] 1.0 Hardness class [-] IC 10 Middle rut depth (20,000 rollovers) [mm] 5.8 Thermal conductivity (λ) [W/(mK)] - 0.45 Tensile strength reserve (-10°C) [N/mm²] 7.1 - References Together with all participating research partners, the first reference surface was created at the Sachsenring (PRO Sachsenring GmbH).

The reduction was continued while stirring at 50 oC for 1 h.
By analysing the XRD and TEM data, it is possible to conclude that Au crystallite size (dkr) and the average size of Au nanoparticles calculated by TEM are approximately equal.
Amin, Gold-nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanowires for plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction with H2 under visible light irradiation, Appl.

Experimental Data 2.1 Material and methods Spindle of the hydro-aggregate is made of T8NiCuMnCr130 steel which is a martensitic steel of 11 to 13% Cr.
Table 1 – Chemical composition [%] Steel Designation C Mn Si Cr Cu Ni Mo P S T8 MoNiCr125 Max. 0,08 Max. 1,50 Max. 1,00 11,5 – 13,5 - 3,5 – 5,0 Max. 1,0 Max. 0,030 Max. 0,035 X3 CrNiMo13-4 Max. 0,05 Max. 1,50 Max. 0,70 12,0 – 14,0 - 3,5 – 4,5 0,3 – 0,7 Max. 0,040 Max. 0,015 X1CrNiMoCu12-5-2 Max. 0,02 Max. 2,00 Max. 0,50 11,0 – 13,0 0,2 – 0,8 4,0 – 6,0 1,3 – 1,8 Max. 0,040 Max. 0,003 Table 2 – Mechanical characteristics (on longitudinal direction) Steel Designation Tensile Test Notch impact test Hardness test Yield Strength +20°C Rp0,2 [N/mm2] Tensile Strength +20°C Rm [N/mm2] Elongation after fracture A5 [%] Reduction in cross section at fracture Z [%] KCU3 [J/cm2] KV [J] HB HV T8 MoNiCr125 Min. 560 750 - 900 Min. 15 Min. 55 Min. 55 - 210 - 290 - X3 CrNiMo13-4 Min. 630 780 - 980 11 - 17 - - 50-70 Max. 320 - X1CrNiMoCu12-5-2 Min. 550 750 - 950 Min. 15 - - 100 Max. 300 In order to implement the experimental program consisting in non-destructive tests, mechanical
This aspect, corroborated by a low reduction in cross-section at fracture recorded for two specimens of 29% and respectively of 40%, below the limit of 55%, highlights as well that the local plasticity of this material is low.

Geopolymer binder can provide reduction of embodied CO2 of up to 80% compared to OPC by the efficient use of precursors, i.e. industrial by-products and alkaline solution.
The corrosion potential reduction is about -200 mV in average which is comparable to the potential drop criterion which is usually used to distinguish between the passive and active steel reinforcements in Portland cement concrete.
But, Rp values measured on passive specimens (the data point at time 0) are lower than expected according to Andrade and Alonso (1996) recommendations (i.e.

The numerical optimization function based on the Historical Data Design on Design Expert 7.0 version was used to locate the values of independent variables in determining the maximum response value of fresh and hardened concrete properties (CS, STS and FS).
Fig. 3: Effect of W/C and ISN on Compressive Strength Fig. 4: Effect of W/C and ISN on Split Tensile Strength Fig. 5: Effect of W/C and ISN on Flexural Strength The significance of the obtained results led to reductions in steel slag deposit and the cost of concrete, thereby leading to sustainable housing and construction.
Also, the optimum value (28.85% ISN) predicted through the software proved reasonable reduction in granite usage for concrete production without affecting the hardened properties (CS, STS and FS) of the concrete.

In our previous results, a little of C impurities, originated from the decomposition of the residual toluene during the toluene treatment boron process, was found at the imporous MgB2 and may be important to reduction of the pores; however, the detailed influence of the residual toluene content on the porosity, flux pinning and Jc of MgB2 is still unclear.
Table 1 Data of residual toluene content, mass density, porosity, MgO content, Tc, Birr at 20K and Jc at 10K and 6 T for all the MgB2 samples.
High heat treatment temperature also benefits the reduction of pores.

. – Microscopic images from the characteristic areas of the welded joints BM HAZ W 1.1 x 200 1.2 x 200 2.1 x 200 2.2 x 200 2.3 x 200 3.1 x 200 3.2 x 200 3.3 x 200 3.4 x 200 Results Following the completion of the full welded sample analysis program, some detailed interpretations of the data presented in Tables 1 and 2 are considered necessary.
It was also noted a reduction in the specific bilateral corner joint time (1.1).
Conclusions Corroborating the obtained results, it can be stated that, in the case of TIG welding, by pulsing the electric arc, important savings are also obtained, both regarding the energy consumption and the reduction of the related costs.

Developing automobile lightening technology is a trend of the automobile industry, which is an important way for reduction of automobile oil consumption, energy saving and emission reduction.
The datum of the original structure and the modified structure are showed in Table 2.
Table 2 Datum of the original structure and the modified structure Structure Material Weight [kg] Rate of weight reduced Yield strength [MPa] Maximum displacement [mm] Maximum stress [MPa] Minimum safety factor Original ZG270-500 16.8 23.2% 270 0.06 153.0 1.76 Modified ZG270-500 12.9 270 0.07 170.6 1.58 Being modified once again, the weight of support structure showed in Fig. 6 is reduced 23.2%, heavier than the structure showed in Fig. 5.