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It was found that the deposited layer is characterized by stable formation and a decrease in the number of defects in the formation of deposited beads.
Microstructure of the deposited layer: a) without mechanical impacts on the electrode; b) frequency of mechanical impacts on the electrode f = 30 Hz (×200) In addition, the use of mechanical actions on the electrode forms a periodic energy-force effect on the weld pool melt during its crystallization, which leads to the release of martensite along the grain boundaries, resulting in their strengthening.

Besides, the relationship between soaking time and grain size shown in Fig. 4g can be described by the law of Lifshiz-Slorovitz-Wagner (LSW) [20]: Dm-D0m=At
It indicated that volume diffusion regulates this coarsening and merging process, after which the increased size, decreased number, and the near constant volume fraction of the solid phases were obtained.

Due to relatively poor resistance of acrylic resin to fatigue fracture, large numbers of denture repairs need to be carried out annually [2].
All surfaces were wet-grinded with metallographic grinding papers with grain sizes of 30 µm (P500), 18 µm (P1000), and 15 µm (P1200) until the edges were smooth and flat.

Preparation of the electrodes and deposition of oxides.The stainless steel 304 foils (2 cm x 2 cm) were polished with emery paper (400-1200 grain size), then thoroughly washed with distilled water, immersed in NaOH (1 M) solution, washed once again with distilled water, and sonicated during 20 minutes in an acetone aqueous solution at 50 % (v/v).
(9) where R is the ideal gas constant, T the absolute temperature, α is the transfer coefficient, n the number of electrons exchanged in the rate determining step (RDS) of the reaction mechanism, and F is the Faraday constant.

Introduction Currently, a large number of formaldehyde adhesive was applied in wood-based panel production, which emitted formaldehyde and other indoor pollutants seriously harming human health.
Plasma rich in a large number of electron, ion and excite states of molecules and atoms, such as activity of free radicals and UV light particles, etc.
They make the wood surface molecules covalently fracture resulting in a large number of free radicals generating [19, 20].
The increasing of grain consumption and amorphous region is helpful to improve cellulose reactivity.
For example, demethylation modification is turning methoxyl group locating aromatic rings the active site of lignin into a phenolic hydroxyl and greatly improving the number of active sites of lignin [32].

During the radiation, vacancies and interstitial atoms are grouped forming secondary defects such as clusters – radiation loops and porous, and the other portion of primary defects of radiation escape to the surfaces and internal barriers, which are the free dislocations, grain boundaries and secondary phase segregations.
The experiments for studying the inalterability of metals subjected to radiation, carried within particle accelerators and reactors, suffer from a number of inconveniences, for example: the intensity of particle flow used for the bombarding of targets using neutrons / in reactors / and charged particles / in accelerators / generally do not exceed 1015 particles / cm2sec., and to achieve ~ 1022 ÷ 1023 particles /cm2sec., a long exposition is required.
The main physical quantity characterizing the extent of radiation induced defect formation in irradiated samples depending on the radiation dose (fluence) is the number of displacements per atom [7].
The thickness of the samples was determined by measuring the projections of the dislocations in zones where they have totally penetrated the target from the top to the bottom surface, and for certain inclinations [11], and for the number of layers measured for specific thicknesses.
It is known that the doses of the integral intensity of the diffraction patterns as a function of the maximum intensities in the halo number one have an identical character.

Introduction Technological processes of manufacturing of heavy-loaded parts from complex-alloyed high-strength steels are multi-stage and, at the same time, a number of stages actively form the structure and properties of the material of the part that determine the serviceability of the units during operation [7, 14].
The content of some impurities in steel samples 30HGSN2A (wt.%) P S As Pb Sb Sn Ca N 0.004-0.012 0.001-0.005 0.003-0.006 0.001-0.002 ˂0.005 0.008-0.012 0.0002 -0.0004 from ˂0.001 to 0.041 Since the content of alloying elements and a number of impurities (sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen) during steelmaking is determined by a ladle sample, and the content of low-melting-point foreign impurities are not controlled at all, the resulting zonal segregations of these elements are not quantified.
At the same time, the conducted optical emission analysis of various areas of the section of the barrels made of 30HGSN2A steel showed the presence of a significant heterogeneity in the distribution of nitrogen and a number of low-melting-point detrimental impurities.
Acknowledgments The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-38-90172.
Finely grained nanometric and submicrometric coatings by thermal spraying: A review.

Despite the terminology, some commercial machines for cutting at the microscale level are comparable in size (machine footprint) to general purpose high speed machining centres although a number of table top systems are also available in the marketplace [1].
The papers focus on a number of process characteristics which affect cutting at the microscale level and which are raised by other researchers, namely tool edge radius effects in relation to the undeformed chip thickness, workpiece grain size/microstructural effects and the mechanism of cutting (ploughing/rubbing vs. shearing) with consequent effects on built up edge (BUE) formation, cutting forces, tool wear, workpiece surface roughness and burr formation.
Machine price is dependant on specification and ancillary requirements such as workpiece transfer hardware, number of controllable axes, workpiece probing, number of spindles supplied etc. however systems are available typically within the range of £150,000 - £400,000.

Diffusion in nanostructures has many challenging features even if the role of structural defects (dislocations, phase- or grain-boundaries) can be neglected.
Introduction Diffusion in nanostructures presents challenging features even if the role of structural defects (dislocations, phase- or grain-boundaries) can be neglected.
The required input parameters for solving eqs. (1) were the number of atomic planes (N), the absolute temperature (T), the initial composition distribution and the atomic interaction parameters.
Furthermore the change in the slope at the second layer is a clear evidence of the effect of surface segregation. 8 Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 time (×103 s) number of atomic layers of Ni Figure 7.
The deviation from the parabolic law is again a real "nano-effect", because after dissolving a certain number of layers (long time or macroscopic limit), the interface shift returns to the parabolic behaviour independently of the input parameters (see Fig. 14). 12 Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) Figure 14.

Introduction Farmland management is the foundation of ensuring national food security, expanding grain yield, decreasing agricultural cost and increasing farmer incomes.
However, both of these conventional methods are usually complex, time-consuming and costly, which enormously limits the number of soil samples per field.