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Regardless of Cu3Sn, the growth behavior of Cu6Sn5 can be described as the expression of , where r is the radius of Cu6Sn5, σ is the surface energy of Cu6Sn5, Ω is the average atomic volume, D is the diffusion rate of atoms, C0 is the solubility of Cu, NA is the Avogadro constant, L is a constant related to the gap and radius of Cu6Sn5, ρ is the density of Cu, A is the total contact area of solder and Cu substrate, μ is consumption rate of Cu in reaction, m is the weight of Cu, R and T are the thermodynamic parameters, Np is the total number of Cu6Sn5 [8].
During thermal-shearing cycling, atom diffusion is mainly finished by passing through the grain boundaries, dislocations, vacancies and other defects.

It is worth noting that both are much higher than typical bulk gold due to sub-100 nm grain sizes.
Army Research Laboratory under Cooperative Agreement Number DAAD19-02-2-0030.

This anthropogenic stimulation of the nitrogen cycle had led to a number of environmental problems[1].
But Sediment grain size, water body NO3- concentration, sediment OM content, water temperature and DO in combination appear to control the temporal and spatial distribution character of NO3- interface exchange in Yangtze estuarine tidal flat.

When the lip was 10 mm, the number of SS spots increased with respect to those caused by a lip length of 3 mm.
As a result, the grain size increased and the ductility decreased, causing a crack at the SS spot.

Meanwhile, a number of specific areas required that cement concrete had certain functionality, such as its sound absorption, antifreeze, high strength and high toughness and other functions.
The archaeologists observed the surfaces of ancient bronzes and ancient porcelains which were manufactured thousands of years ago were still intact to the present, and these surfaces were composed of nanoscale grains. [4] The Special Thermal Properties.

The general form of the ferrite, pearlite and bainite formation equation is: (1) where FG describes the effect of the austenite grain size, FC describes the effect of the alloy composition, FT describes the effect of temperature and FX describes the effect of the current fraction formed.
The number of critical positions is less when including the localization based threshold value, Fig. 4b).

As a consequence, a very small grain size is observed inside the component also far from the external surface, thus leading to high mechanical strength.
The number of casting operations was strongly limited by mold damaging during piston and sample extraction.

The original microstructure of the alloy is shown in Figure 1, which is a typical near-alpha microstructure consisting of α and β phases, and the crystal grain consists of lamellar (α+β) phases.
n3 -216.97177 Q3 47386.87474 A4 2942.91321 α4 -25.54035 n4 1898.88574 Q4 -140602.84115 A5 -67412.25023 α5 95.07253 n5 -9234.04554 Q5 -27791.82064 A6 294948.31459 α6 -222.38349 n6 26834.93964 Q6 0 A7 -648887.42818 α7 329.64746 n7 -47485.7099 Q7 0 A8 789145.61722 α8 -300.75517 n8 50058.85853 Q8 0 A9 -505220.90521 α9 154.16507 n9 -28864.5825 Q9 0 A10 132993.83199 α10 -33.99046 n10 7002.75768 Q10 0 Typically, R(Correlation coefficient) and AARE(average absolute relative error) are used to evaluate the correlation coefficient between the experimental and predicted values.Therefore, the accuracy of the established constitutive model was evaluated by calculating the R and AARE factors, and the expression is as follows: (11) (12) where Pi is the predicted value, Ei is the experimental data, n is the number

Energy dissipation within the material is attributed to a variety of mechanisms such as thermoelasticity, grain boundary viscosity, or point-defect relaxation.
The Gruneisen numbers for the longitudinal wave is 1.2 and 0.6 for shear wave as presented in [20].The attenuation of AlN given in [19]is 0.08 dB/cm at 1 GHz.

In general the number of SPR peaks usually increases as the symmetry of nanoparticles decreased.
The crystal lattice of the entire triangular nanocrystal is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, and there are no grain boundaries.