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(1) where σ is the electrical conductivity value (S∙cm-1), n is the number of electrons (cm-3), μ is the mobility of the charge carriers (cm2V-1s-1), and |q| is the unit of charge of the carriers (Coulomb) [17].
Obtained from Carlo Erba, 12 g of grained analytical grade PVA was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized (DI) water.
The rotations of the drum were calibrated at various voltages, and the number of rotations was recorded using a non-contact tachometer (UNI-T Model UT371/372).
Both the program and measuring device were calibrated by the following measurements: I = 5 mA, D = 6.69 µm (in relation to the thickness of the fibers), delay = 0.1 (s), B = 0.55 (T), with the measurement number = 1 000 (times).

Phospholipids fatty acid fingerprint of soil can reflect microbial community structure which could survive in the soil and the dynamic changes of the number to some extent[14].
In the future, we need to increase the number of samples to establish more fatty acid fingerprints of the same crabs in different season. 
If increasing the number of samples and fatty acid fingerprint in different areas, different seasons, different species of crabs, basic information of the nutrient economic crab will be plentiful and it can provide effective and feasible method to identify the characteristics of the crabs.
Grain and oil,2005, 3: 13-15.

In addition, the interest on porous ceramic materials has grown due to the extensive number of applications in different areas, such as filters for environmental cleanup and reuse, bioreactors, gas or chemical sensors and support materials for catalysts or adsorbents.
The transformation of γ- to α-alumina is a process that involves a number of metastable transition aluminium oxides between 850º and 1125ºC [22], and it depends of multiple factors.
The γ-alumina particles obtained at 900 ºC, Fig. 4.a, have a diameter < 50 nm, and they are forming agglomerates, whereas the microstructure of the material after the dilatometric essay up to 1600 ºC, Fig. 4b, shows the normal appearance of α-alumina, with a grain size > 2 µm. 5 µm5 µm5 µm 200 nm200 nm200 nm a) b) Fig. 4.
Since the pore volume is similar, the number of pores must be lower in this powder.

Photoconductive (PC) detectors depends on the rise in the electrical conductivity due to an increase in the number of free carriers produced by the absorption of photons (current generation).
The photocurrent gain is defined as the number of charge carriers flowing per second for each photon absorbed per second. 5.
The morphology study helps in determination of the particles dimensions range of the carbon nanotube grain size and their statistical distribution.
The absorbance is plotted as a function of wave number.

The most classic and popular way to achieve the highest efficiency of film optimization is by using one variable at a time approach, but this requires a large number of independent runs and is time-consuming.
Most fruits, vegetables, flowers, and cereal grains contain anthocyanins, one of the plant elements known as flavonoids and responsible for the brilliant and appealing orange, red, purple, and blue colours.
RSM is used in this to optimize various processes due to its many advantages, such as reducing the number of trials in an experiment, resulting in less material consumption and less laboratory work.
It was ground with a commercial grinder and sieved with a sieve number 60 (250 µm) to obtain a constant particle size [8].
JPHPI, Volume 20 Number 3 [5] Chigurupati, N., Saiki, L., Gayser, C., Dash, A.K. (2002) Evaluation of red cabbage dye as a potential natural color for pharmaceutical use.

Since the number of interphase materials with layered crystal structures is extremely limited, it has been suggested to use multilayered materials engineered at the nanometer scale [21].
Fig. 3 : Residual porosity vs PIP sequence number in Hi-Nicalon/SiC (adapted from 42).
Finally, their high temperature properties, in terms of creep resistance, lifetime under load and maximum service temperature, are expected to be better but the occurrence of secondary phases at the grain boundaries might be a subject of concern.
However, the low deposition rate in I-CVI can be accelerated by applying T, P-gradients to each preform (with a loss of flexibility) or compensated by treating simultaneously a large number of preforms.
The number of PI-P sequences can also be reduced by adding a ceramic filler to the matrix polymer precursor.

According to Kadam and Balasubramanian [33], several factors may influence foam stability, such as: stirring time, type and the number of foaming agents.
It was verified, in experiment number 3 (Vst = level 6, tst = 6 min), that the best result was obtained, when in 45 minutes of analysis, the foam had already obtained its stability, with approximately6 ml of liquidlost.
Further, Figure 12 shows, for the drying temperature of 70 ºC, the foam reach the stability state in around 25 minutes, where the best result was obtained in experiment number 7 (Vst = nível6; tst = 6 min), using the same variables from the experiment number 3, realized at a drying temperature of 50 °C.
In experiment number 7, a liquid volume of approximately 4 ml was lost, which shows that the drying temperature of 70 °C has positive influence on the foam stability.
W Bakker, Arkema Stochastic modelling of grain drying: Part 1: Experimental Investigation, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 66 (. 4) (1997), 267-273

The major cause of the limited efficiency is the huge amounts of grain boundaries among the mesoporous network, which leads to inefficient electron transport and undesired recombination of electrons with the electrolyte [5-6].
SEM image with a higher magnitude reveals that the sphere is not a solid ball but composed of a large number of nanorods.
For the hydrothermal synthesis with 1 ml titanium butoxide, the size and number of nanorods increase with the reaction time and a uniform nanorod array come into being after 5 h.
As the reaction time increases to 3 h, a large number of TiO2 flower-like clusters composed of nanorods appeare on top of the compact layer.

With the progress made in the transformation of nature, human being will have to deal with an increasing number of talus slopes, which has become a bottleneck in mountainous areas development.
Caustics and laser holographic photo elastic was applied by Liu. et al[6] to research the force distribution under concentrated in grain heaps in detail and indicated that force transmission and distribution inside the accumulation body consistent with parabolic equation, however, force transmission in granular piles consist of massive particles isn’t consistent with laws of the traditional continuum elasticity theory.
Finite unit method: The studied area is divided into a finite number of units only in the specified node do units connected.
Yunnan technical contract project (contract number: 2004051), Yunnan young academic technology leader training funded projects (2005PY01-36).

Grinding is an abrasive machining process where material removal takes place by randomly and stochastically distributed grains [6].
S.no Assumptions Values 1 Shear friction factor 0.6,0.5,0.4,0.3,0.1 2 Element type Tetrahedral 3 Mesh type Fine mesh 4 5 Node Relative mesh type(wheel) 10 nodes 40,000 6 Relative mesh type(work) 40,000 7 Workpiece material Ti6Al4V 8 Work material type Plastic, isotropic 9 Work piece shape Curved model 10 Workpiece diameter 80mm 11 Arc length to be cut 20mm 14 Environment temperature 20℃ 15 Convection coefficient 0.02 16 Heat transfer coefficient 45 17 Number of simulation steps 500 18 Step increment to save 25 19 Arc angle to cut 20 Where fs is the frictional stress, p is the interface pressure between two bodies and is the friction factor [23].
In this paper, starting step number is set as 1, number of simulation steps is given as 800 and step increment to save is given as 25.