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Online since: May 2012
Authors: Wu Ying Yi, Wei Ci Su
With large-scale river basin development such as water conservancy, ore mining and construction of metallurgical industry, the existing ecological environment problems including soil and water erosion, steep slope reclamation, rock desertification and township enterprises pollution became more evident and serious and threatened the residents living environment in the watershed.
APH [3], fuzzy matter-element method [4], support vector machines (SVM) [5], comprehensive index model [6], system dynamics model [7] and RBF neural network [8] were used in ecological environmental warning assessment, and water ecosystem [9], forest ecosystem [10], agroceosystem [11, 12], oasis ecosystem [13], land ecosystem [14] and urban ecosystem[15] were the main research fields, but there were few studies about watershed ecosystem.
Tab 2 The structure frame of eco-environmental warning index in Wujiang River watershed A Natural Environment (B1) Geologic-landform environment(C1) The percentage of carbonate rock outcrop area (D1 ) The percentage of land slop more than 17.5°(D2 ) Surface fragmentation degree (replaced by drainage density)( D3) Land resources (C2) Cultivated land per capita (D4) Land reclamation rate (D5) The percentage of dry cropland accounting for cultivated land(D6) Arable land per capita (D7) Vegetation condition (C3) Forest coverage(D8) Forest development potential degree(D9) Herb biomass relative index (D10) Per capita grassland area (D11) Soil and water loss (C4) The percentage of soil loss area(D12) Soil erosion intensity (D13) Social Environment (B2) Population situation (C5) Population density (D14) Natural growth rate of population (D15) Population quality (population above the junior middle school making up the total population
) (D16) Proportions of agricultural population (D17) Science and education,cultural and hygiene (C6) Expenditure on science and education per capita (D18) Professional and technical personal per ten thousand (D19) Infrastructure (C7) The density of the highway traffic mileage (D20) With or without transit railway(D21) Post and telecommunications service density (D22) Installed capacity per capita (D23) Economic Environment (B3) Industrial structure (C8) The proportion of tertiary industry in GDP(D24) The proportion of agriculture in GDP(D25) Commerce and industry (C9) Industrial output per capita (D26) The ratio of employees of tertiary industry in the working people(D27) Agriculture (C10) The net income per peasant (D28) Grain output per unit area(D29) The ratio of planting industry in the Gross Agricultural Output Value(D30) Township enterprises (C11) Township enterprise income per capita (D31) The ratio of the production value of rural enterprises in the total
APH [3], fuzzy matter-element method [4], support vector machines (SVM) [5], comprehensive index model [6], system dynamics model [7] and RBF neural network [8] were used in ecological environmental warning assessment, and water ecosystem [9], forest ecosystem [10], agroceosystem [11, 12], oasis ecosystem [13], land ecosystem [14] and urban ecosystem[15] were the main research fields, but there were few studies about watershed ecosystem.
Tab 2 The structure frame of eco-environmental warning index in Wujiang River watershed A Natural Environment (B1) Geologic-landform environment(C1) The percentage of carbonate rock outcrop area (D1 ) The percentage of land slop more than 17.5°(D2 ) Surface fragmentation degree (replaced by drainage density)( D3) Land resources (C2) Cultivated land per capita (D4) Land reclamation rate (D5) The percentage of dry cropland accounting for cultivated land(D6) Arable land per capita (D7) Vegetation condition (C3) Forest coverage(D8) Forest development potential degree(D9) Herb biomass relative index (D10) Per capita grassland area (D11) Soil and water loss (C4) The percentage of soil loss area(D12) Soil erosion intensity (D13) Social Environment (B2) Population situation (C5) Population density (D14) Natural growth rate of population (D15) Population quality (population above the junior middle school making up the total population
) (D16) Proportions of agricultural population (D17) Science and education,cultural and hygiene (C6) Expenditure on science and education per capita (D18) Professional and technical personal per ten thousand (D19) Infrastructure (C7) The density of the highway traffic mileage (D20) With or without transit railway(D21) Post and telecommunications service density (D22) Installed capacity per capita (D23) Economic Environment (B3) Industrial structure (C8) The proportion of tertiary industry in GDP(D24) The proportion of agriculture in GDP(D25) Commerce and industry (C9) Industrial output per capita (D26) The ratio of employees of tertiary industry in the working people(D27) Agriculture (C10) The net income per peasant (D28) Grain output per unit area(D29) The ratio of planting industry in the Gross Agricultural Output Value(D30) Township enterprises (C11) Township enterprise income per capita (D31) The ratio of the production value of rural enterprises in the total
Online since: June 2007
Authors: G. Senthil Kumaran, K.R. Santhi, P.M.Rubesh Anand
Renovation/Maintenance: AR can be used to overlay locations of subsurface electrical, telephone,
gas, and water lines onto real-world views.
Monitoring water quality levels in natural water bodies and artificial lakes, monitoring of the pollution levels can be done effectively by using AR.
Soil Mechanics: AR can be used in locating infrastructures for public supply networks (water, sewage, telephone, electric power) in order to avoid damage when intervention to the subsoil is necessary.
Many research works have been given emphasis to the implementation of Augmented Reality for practical applications like manufacturing, medicine, architecture, education and professional training.
Monitoring water quality levels in natural water bodies and artificial lakes, monitoring of the pollution levels can be done effectively by using AR.
Soil Mechanics: AR can be used in locating infrastructures for public supply networks (water, sewage, telephone, electric power) in order to avoid damage when intervention to the subsoil is necessary.
Many research works have been given emphasis to the implementation of Augmented Reality for practical applications like manufacturing, medicine, architecture, education and professional training.
Research on the Life Cycle Cost Control of Urban Complex Based on the Sustainable Development Theory
Online since: September 2014
Authors: Hong Yue Zhang, Jin Hua Li
The design unit also should use their own professional knowledge make the efficient use of the resources, space and energy and actively using the new construction technology, environmental protection materials and environmental protection technology to provide better design for the urban complex base on the sustainable development.
The construction units should reduce the adverse effects on the environment for construction and production and in the construction water, material selection, waste treatment process using water saving, energy saving, materials saving ideas. 2.4The cost control of urban complex in the operation and maintenance stage In the operation and maintenance phase should focus on strengthening the management of the urban complex maintenance costs, but because of the special nature of the urban complex should also be more control of its operating costs.
This can be done by orderly management system, energy conservation and carbon reduction, and the serial management, solid waste collection and processing, the management of the indoor environment, environmental health management, water saving and energy saving management to the practice of continuous effectively.
Through the timely transformation of water and energy conservation to the urban complex, rational planning replaced the removed materials, rationalize the use of resources, avoid adverse impacts on the environment.
The construction units should reduce the adverse effects on the environment for construction and production and in the construction water, material selection, waste treatment process using water saving, energy saving, materials saving ideas. 2.4The cost control of urban complex in the operation and maintenance stage In the operation and maintenance phase should focus on strengthening the management of the urban complex maintenance costs, but because of the special nature of the urban complex should also be more control of its operating costs.
This can be done by orderly management system, energy conservation and carbon reduction, and the serial management, solid waste collection and processing, the management of the indoor environment, environmental health management, water saving and energy saving management to the practice of continuous effectively.
Through the timely transformation of water and energy conservation to the urban complex, rational planning replaced the removed materials, rationalize the use of resources, avoid adverse impacts on the environment.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Liang Jiang, Ya Dong Zhu, Li Jun Yu, Yao Dong Zhou
B.T Liu et al.[4] found that none of the hydrogen-bond were suitable for the ORC such as water, ammonia and ethanol.
Nomenclature internal efficiency of the expander flow resistance in the total circulation loop mechanical efficiency of the expander and generator total resistance at condenser cooling water side overall efficiency of the working fluid pump at the operating point exergy efficiency isentropic compression efficiency of the working fluid pump product of heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient mechanical efficiency of the working fluid pump compression efficiency of the working fluid pump Subscript 1-18 state points of the cycle specific power evap evaporation specific power output cond condensation specific power consumption wf working fluid , temperature h low grade heat fluid temperature difference c cooling fluid specific volumn tot total specific enthalpy sup superheating pressure sub subcooling heat exchange sys system power output cpump cooling cycle pump thermal efficiency of the ORC system amb ambient specific exergy(kJ/kg) in flow
Table 1 Assumptions for heat source and sink and power plant components Parameter Sign Unit Value The temperature of the low-grade heat flow th,i ºC 150 The temperature of cooling water tc,i ºC 25 The volume flow of low-grade heat flow qv,h m3/h 4000 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in evaporator ΔTevap K 5 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in condenser ΔTcond K 5 Internal efficiency of expander ηT,i 1 0.8 Mechanical efficiency of expander ηT,m 1 0.8 Isentropic efficiency of working fluid pump ηis 1 0.9 Mechanical efficiency of working fluid pump ηPm 1 0.8 Efficiency of cycling pump ηcpump 1 0.8 Steam dry degree at outlet of expander 1 >0.97 Flow resistance in the total circulation loop dprf kPa 600 Total resistance at condenser cooling water side dpcf kPa 300 3.
Professional version 8.
Nomenclature internal efficiency of the expander flow resistance in the total circulation loop mechanical efficiency of the expander and generator total resistance at condenser cooling water side overall efficiency of the working fluid pump at the operating point exergy efficiency isentropic compression efficiency of the working fluid pump product of heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient mechanical efficiency of the working fluid pump compression efficiency of the working fluid pump Subscript 1-18 state points of the cycle specific power evap evaporation specific power output cond condensation specific power consumption wf working fluid , temperature h low grade heat fluid temperature difference c cooling fluid specific volumn tot total specific enthalpy sup superheating pressure sub subcooling heat exchange sys system power output cpump cooling cycle pump thermal efficiency of the ORC system amb ambient specific exergy(kJ/kg) in flow
Table 1 Assumptions for heat source and sink and power plant components Parameter Sign Unit Value The temperature of the low-grade heat flow th,i ºC 150 The temperature of cooling water tc,i ºC 25 The volume flow of low-grade heat flow qv,h m3/h 4000 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in evaporator ΔTevap K 5 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in condenser ΔTcond K 5 Internal efficiency of expander ηT,i 1 0.8 Mechanical efficiency of expander ηT,m 1 0.8 Isentropic efficiency of working fluid pump ηis 1 0.9 Mechanical efficiency of working fluid pump ηPm 1 0.8 Efficiency of cycling pump ηcpump 1 0.8 Steam dry degree at outlet of expander 1 >0.97 Flow resistance in the total circulation loop dprf kPa 600 Total resistance at condenser cooling water side dpcf kPa 300 3.
Professional version 8.
Online since: August 2012
Authors: Jian Qiang Bao, Yang Miao, Li Li Zhang
Japan's renovation on traditional buildings covers lighting, college heat pump, solar power, solar heating and cooling systems, solar hot water systems [13].
In order to let building professionals or amateurs learn more about low-carbon building knowledge, the Japanese government also established a low-carbon building training camp in depth. 3.2.
Maximum allowable space conditioning loads for houses by climatic areas Area classification I II III IV V VI Standard annual heating and cooling load (unit: MJ/m3/year) 390 390 460 460 350 290 Source:Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings,IEA Information Paper,2008 Table5.PAL and CEC requirements by commercial building types Building type Hotel Hospital or clinic Retail Office School Restaurant PAL(MJ/m2a) 420 340 380 300 320 550 CEC/Air-Conditioning 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.2 CEC/ Ventilation 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.5 CEC/ Lightning 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 CEC/ Hot Water 1.5~~1.9 Source:Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings,IEA Information Paper,2008 3.3.
In order to let building professionals or amateurs learn more about low-carbon building knowledge, the Japanese government also established a low-carbon building training camp in depth. 3.2.
Maximum allowable space conditioning loads for houses by climatic areas Area classification I II III IV V VI Standard annual heating and cooling load (unit: MJ/m3/year) 390 390 460 460 350 290 Source:Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings,IEA Information Paper,2008 Table5.PAL and CEC requirements by commercial building types Building type Hotel Hospital or clinic Retail Office School Restaurant PAL(MJ/m2a) 420 340 380 300 320 550 CEC/Air-Conditioning 2.5 2.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.2 CEC/ Ventilation 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.5 CEC/ Lightning 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 CEC/ Hot Water 1.5~~1.9 Source:Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings,IEA Information Paper,2008 3.3.
Online since: October 2020
Authors: Maziar Ramezani, Mohammadreza Arjmandi, Patrick Domett
With the current health system, medical professionals feel limited in what they can offer patients as effective treatment after being diagnosed with the early stages of the condition [10] and see a gap between what procedures are readily recommended in the health system to treat the various stages of osteoarthritis, especially for younger patients.
Fig. 9 (a) Schematic configuration of the 3D woven textiles produced, (b) weave pattern of textile Type-A, (c) weave pattern of textile Type-B Silica-reinforce Alginate-Polyacrylamide (ALG-PAAm) nano-composite hydrogel (NCH) was prepared by dissolving acrylamide monomer in deionized (DI) water (33 w/v%), followed by adding three different ratios of silica-NP powder, 1-4 wt% (based on AAm+ ALG), to the solution and uniformly dispersing the powder in the solution with vigorous stirring.
The hydrogel composites (HC Type-A and HC Type-B) were then removed from the moulds and soaked in a calcium chloride bath for 24 hours for the ionic crosslinking of the alginate network to occur, followed by soaking the composites in DI water for several hours to ensure removal of unreacted chemicals from the hydrogel, as illustrated in Fig. 10(c).
Fig. 9 (a) Schematic configuration of the 3D woven textiles produced, (b) weave pattern of textile Type-A, (c) weave pattern of textile Type-B Silica-reinforce Alginate-Polyacrylamide (ALG-PAAm) nano-composite hydrogel (NCH) was prepared by dissolving acrylamide monomer in deionized (DI) water (33 w/v%), followed by adding three different ratios of silica-NP powder, 1-4 wt% (based on AAm+ ALG), to the solution and uniformly dispersing the powder in the solution with vigorous stirring.
The hydrogel composites (HC Type-A and HC Type-B) were then removed from the moulds and soaked in a calcium chloride bath for 24 hours for the ionic crosslinking of the alginate network to occur, followed by soaking the composites in DI water for several hours to ensure removal of unreacted chemicals from the hydrogel, as illustrated in Fig. 10(c).
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Yu Hong Chen, Bao Cheng Zhang, Hai Tang Cen
Currently, exposed and stacked waste rate is still 30% and the harmful ingredients comprised in MSW will gradually transfer to air, water, and soil with the natural factors for a long time, which will become the ‘pollution sources’ of air ,soil and water.
For instance, the damage caused by heavy metal’s migration in soil and water may be found after a few years or even decades.
Lack of maneuverability in source reduction and no related system and measures in classification management, green consumption, special waste treatment, professional waste recycling, etc., make source reduction not be put into practice instead of shout slogans, which cause directly volume of waste to increase, dissatisfactory of treatment effect, quandary of industry development and social impact more extrusive.
Waste water and exhaust gas produced in the process of Composting have been a serious source of pollution because of undesirable treatment.
For instance, the damage caused by heavy metal’s migration in soil and water may be found after a few years or even decades.
Lack of maneuverability in source reduction and no related system and measures in classification management, green consumption, special waste treatment, professional waste recycling, etc., make source reduction not be put into practice instead of shout slogans, which cause directly volume of waste to increase, dissatisfactory of treatment effect, quandary of industry development and social impact more extrusive.
Waste water and exhaust gas produced in the process of Composting have been a serious source of pollution because of undesirable treatment.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Qun Wei, Kai Sun, Jun Hong Zhang, Lu Shuang Wei
The Application of Structural Engineering with 3DS MaxScript
Lushuang Wei1, 2, a, Kai Sun1, b ,Junhong Zhang 1, c Qun Wei 1,2,d
1 North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou,450011, china,
2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, china,
apandayh@gmail.com, b1572637195@qq.com, czhangjunhong@ncwu.edu.cn, dqunwei_ddd@yahoo.com.cn
Keywords: MAXScript, Structure Engineering, Bridge Structure Engineering, Virtual Reality
Abstract.
Although AutoCAD has already provided with some 3D modeling and animation design ability, but to keep up with the fast growing demands in 3D structural design, produce photo-realistic 3D environments, engineers need a more sophiscated real-time 3D design system, that is where 3D MAX Studio came in. 3DS Max is a professional 3D animation rendering and modeling software package used mostly by game developers, design visualization specialists, and visual effects artists.[1] MAXScript is a built-in scripting language for 3ds Max.
Project supported by Key Issues of Ministry of Water Resources of China (Grant NO. 201005), Project supported by Zhengzhou city science and technology innovation team (Grant NO. 096SYJH21081), Project supported by Zhengzhou Steel Structure and Engineering Research Center (Grant NO. 20090408), References [1] Information on http://www.autodesk.com [2] Information on http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk [3] Wei Qun, Xie Xiao-yao,Zhang Guoxin, Wang Ying, Wei Lushuang, Sun Kai: The Methods and Application of Virtual Reality and Visual Simulation of the Structure Engineering (China Archetechture & Building Press, China 2009)
[4] Wei Qun,Zhang Guo-xin,Wei Jun-yao ,Li Pu-jian,Xiong Deng-yu,Peng Xiao-chu, in: Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Visual Design Software of Arch Dam—Feasibility Study Report, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power: North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China (2007).
Although AutoCAD has already provided with some 3D modeling and animation design ability, but to keep up with the fast growing demands in 3D structural design, produce photo-realistic 3D environments, engineers need a more sophiscated real-time 3D design system, that is where 3D MAX Studio came in. 3DS Max is a professional 3D animation rendering and modeling software package used mostly by game developers, design visualization specialists, and visual effects artists.[1] MAXScript is a built-in scripting language for 3ds Max.
Project supported by Key Issues of Ministry of Water Resources of China (Grant NO. 201005), Project supported by Zhengzhou city science and technology innovation team (Grant NO. 096SYJH21081), Project supported by Zhengzhou Steel Structure and Engineering Research Center (Grant NO. 20090408), References [1] Information on http://www.autodesk.com [2] Information on http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk [3] Wei Qun, Xie Xiao-yao,Zhang Guoxin, Wang Ying, Wei Lushuang, Sun Kai: The Methods and Application of Virtual Reality and Visual Simulation of the Structure Engineering (China Archetechture & Building Press, China 2009)
[4] Wei Qun,Zhang Guo-xin,Wei Jun-yao ,Li Pu-jian,Xiong Deng-yu,Peng Xiao-chu, in: Development and Application of Three-Dimensional Visual Design Software of Arch Dam—Feasibility Study Report, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power: North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China (2007).
Online since: June 2020
Authors: Sujan Debnath, Mahmood Anwar, Felix Wong Wei Zie, Abdul Hamid
The raw bagasse fiber was first washed with tap water to remove unwanted impurities.
By observing the optical micrographs as revealed in Fig. 6, the fiber surface for water treatment at elevated temperature has much rougher surface than water treatment at room temperature.
Hotter water temperature can also lead to greater cleansing effect.
However, water treatment and bleaching treatment reacted in a different way.
The Journal Of The Association Of Professional Engineers Of Trinidad And Tobago 42 (1): 12-15
By observing the optical micrographs as revealed in Fig. 6, the fiber surface for water treatment at elevated temperature has much rougher surface than water treatment at room temperature.
Hotter water temperature can also lead to greater cleansing effect.
However, water treatment and bleaching treatment reacted in a different way.
The Journal Of The Association Of Professional Engineers Of Trinidad And Tobago 42 (1): 12-15
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Yan Cang Jiang
In order to reduce transport costs and reduce expenditure on road pricing Some professional transport customers always select ordinary highways which are not charge but not select expressway which are chargeable.
But this kind road has characters of soft surface, easy deformation, concentrate stress, high strength, easy extremely, easy cracking and easy damaged by water.
But this kind of road has characters of high strength surface, good rigidity, uniform stress transfer, small effect to intensity, not obvious influence by water.
Asphalt concrete surface has good flexibility, plasticity, ductility, water repellency, running a small role in an impact and little wear tyre down.
Water has a large influence on the highway, so waterproof job must be well done in the process of design, construction and operation.
But this kind road has characters of soft surface, easy deformation, concentrate stress, high strength, easy extremely, easy cracking and easy damaged by water.
But this kind of road has characters of high strength surface, good rigidity, uniform stress transfer, small effect to intensity, not obvious influence by water.
Asphalt concrete surface has good flexibility, plasticity, ductility, water repellency, running a small role in an impact and little wear tyre down.
Water has a large influence on the highway, so waterproof job must be well done in the process of design, construction and operation.