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Online since: December 2011
Authors: Fang Cui, Bo Yuan
The Remediation Standards and Evaluation Methods for Remediation Effectiveness of Contaminated Soil
Fang Cui1,a and Bo Yuan2
1Baoji University of Arts & Sciences,Key Lab of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulating of Shanxi Province, Baoji Shanxi 721013;
2Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology,
Xi’an 710048
acuifangchina@163.com
Key words: contaminated soil, remediation standard, remediation effectiveness, evaluation method
Abstract.
In recent years, contaminated soil remediation research in international has become an environmental engineering and other related professional and important research frontier, contaminated soil remediation technology is rapidly develop[1-3].United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain and other countries have invested huge human and financial resources in researching the remediation of contaminated soil, some technical applications has entered the commercialization stage.
Therefore, it is an urgent need to carry out professional and systematic research in this area.
Microorganisms directly or indirectly play an important role in the soil functions and important soil processes, including the decomposition of animal and plant residues, nutrient storage conversion, water infiltration, gas exchange, the formation and stability of soil structure, organic synthesis, heterologous biological degradation and so on.
In recent years, contaminated soil remediation research in international has become an environmental engineering and other related professional and important research frontier, contaminated soil remediation technology is rapidly develop[1-3].United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Britain and other countries have invested huge human and financial resources in researching the remediation of contaminated soil, some technical applications has entered the commercialization stage.
Therefore, it is an urgent need to carry out professional and systematic research in this area.
Microorganisms directly or indirectly play an important role in the soil functions and important soil processes, including the decomposition of animal and plant residues, nutrient storage conversion, water infiltration, gas exchange, the formation and stability of soil structure, organic synthesis, heterologous biological degradation and so on.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Yan Nan Zhao, Rui Qing Niu, Jiong Li, Ling Peng, Yi Wang
Baishuihe landslide has occurred several deformations since the professional monitoring implementation.
The underground water level fluctuation is the comprehensive response of rainfall and reservoir water level.
The raise of underground water replenished by rainfall increases pore water pressure and leads to the change of hydrodynamic condition [10].
Curves of rainfall, reservoir water level, underground water level and landslide displacement Prediction of landslide displacement based BP neural network Mentioned before, select the rainfall, the water level and underground water level as influencing factors to predict relative displacement based the monitoring data of ZG118 from January 2005 to May 2009.
Through the analysis of landslide deformation characteristics, established the prediction model of landslide displacement based on rainfall, reservoir water level and underground water.
The underground water level fluctuation is the comprehensive response of rainfall and reservoir water level.
The raise of underground water replenished by rainfall increases pore water pressure and leads to the change of hydrodynamic condition [10].
Curves of rainfall, reservoir water level, underground water level and landslide displacement Prediction of landslide displacement based BP neural network Mentioned before, select the rainfall, the water level and underground water level as influencing factors to predict relative displacement based the monitoring data of ZG118 from January 2005 to May 2009.
Through the analysis of landslide deformation characteristics, established the prediction model of landslide displacement based on rainfall, reservoir water level and underground water.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Yue E Zeng, Shi Dai Wu
Table 2 Index system and integration methods of ecological civilization control area
Object Evaluation
System Evaluation
Indicator Evaluation
Weight
Index integrated formula
Ecological Civilization Construction Division Index System
Ecological Economic Civilization
Per Capita GDP
0.08
Ti=∑Tij*Wj
Ti :comprehensive score of regional i;
Tij : the standardize value of index j in regional i;
Wj: the weight of index j
Energy Consumptions Per GDP
0.06
Unit Land Output Value
0.06
Ecological Industry Output Value of GDP
0.08
Environmental Protection Product Rate
0.05
Ecological Social Civilization
Concentration Degree of Population
0.06
Engel's Coefficient
0.07
The Coverage of Social Security System
0.05
Ecological Environment Civilization
Ecological Comprehensive Treatment Rate
0.04
Forest Coverage
0.05
Soil erosion Proportion of The Total Land Area
0.05
Per Capita Land Resources
0.04
Per Capita Water Resources
0.08
Main Pollutant Total Amount Decrement Rate
0.06
Ecological Cultural Civilization
In order to maintenance and reconstruction of degraded ecosystem, ecological civilization control and protection area should maintain the function of water conservation of natural vegetation, prohibiting such behavior as deforestation.
To improve the bearing capacity of the environment and the provision of ecological product ability that enhance water conservation, soil and water conservation, biodiversity maintenance, ecological civilization repair area should further advance the ecological restoration engineering including comprehensive control of soil erosion, afforestation and so on.
The results show that, the center of gravity policy of ecological civilization construction in southern red soil erosion area should focus on developing the green industry, strengthening the agricultural professional support, and changing peasants’ livelihood such use methane ecological compensation mode to replace the original fuel wood resource consumption.
Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation, 1989, 1(1): 39-42
In order to maintenance and reconstruction of degraded ecosystem, ecological civilization control and protection area should maintain the function of water conservation of natural vegetation, prohibiting such behavior as deforestation.
To improve the bearing capacity of the environment and the provision of ecological product ability that enhance water conservation, soil and water conservation, biodiversity maintenance, ecological civilization repair area should further advance the ecological restoration engineering including comprehensive control of soil erosion, afforestation and so on.
The results show that, the center of gravity policy of ecological civilization construction in southern red soil erosion area should focus on developing the green industry, strengthening the agricultural professional support, and changing peasants’ livelihood such use methane ecological compensation mode to replace the original fuel wood resource consumption.
Subtropical Soil and Water Conservation, 1989, 1(1): 39-42
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Ya Song Pang, Lin Wang
Pressure
Human activities:
energy
industry
transportation
agriculture
State
Environment,
Resoure:
air, water
land, soil
animals
nature resoure
Response
government
family
enterprise
country
internation
pressure
pollutant
information
resource
decision
decision-making
information
Fig. 2 The framework of P-S-R (OECD)
PSIR
Because of human activities on the influence of the environment can reflect out only through the environment condition index changing with time indirectly, the PSR frame deformates to Press- State- Impact- Response(PSIR) framework.
Objective weighting method is according the reflection of the statistical information of data, and subjective weighting method is combined with professional knowledge and expert experience to determine the indexes weights.
Objective weighting method is from subjective factors, clear and organized, but sometimes its result is from professional interpretation.
Proceedings of the Workshop Organized by the Land and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department, 1997, 2:5
Objective weighting method is according the reflection of the statistical information of data, and subjective weighting method is combined with professional knowledge and expert experience to determine the indexes weights.
Objective weighting method is from subjective factors, clear and organized, but sometimes its result is from professional interpretation.
Proceedings of the Workshop Organized by the Land and Water Development Division FAO Agriculture Department, 1997, 2:5
Online since: April 2016
Authors: Uwe Apel, Alexander Baumann, Christian Dierken, Thilo Kunath
First, potassium nitrate and dextrose are de-solved in water.
After this, the complete water is boiled out and a creamy mass remains.
The Rocket Acceptance Review, where professionals of DLR decide if the system is ready for flight, is planned for February 2016.
After this, the complete water is boiled out and a creamy mass remains.
The Rocket Acceptance Review, where professionals of DLR decide if the system is ready for flight, is planned for February 2016.
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Xu Hong Li, Yi Ning Chen, Cheng Min Li, Shao Ming Lin, Zi Wei Meng
For example, the Duojia Bridge in Nanxiong, which is also known as Jielong Bridge, was changed into a dry road bridge because of the artificial diversion of water and the river bed was turned into a field (Fig.5).
The two newly added landscape lines extend naturally along with the Han River on both sides of the water.
The organization design of nodes should be done flexibly according to the symmetry or asymmetry of the natural flow of water systems to interact with the water bodies, form the field of mutual infiltration with the natural ecology and activate the characteristics of the environments.
Boundary spaces of the bridge and the ancient city have been compounded, the original constructions have been cleaned up, the square has been expanded, walls of the Ming Dynasty have been protected and motor ways and walking paths have been replanned to integrate the bridge landscape, the water body of the Han River, the ancient city walls, the historical blocks and the transitional space and expand the recreational space (Fig. 10).
The Epilogue The research on organic renewal design of landscapes of Guangdong historical bridges needs professional knowledge of architects and planners, but they are only a part of the long-term plan.
The two newly added landscape lines extend naturally along with the Han River on both sides of the water.
The organization design of nodes should be done flexibly according to the symmetry or asymmetry of the natural flow of water systems to interact with the water bodies, form the field of mutual infiltration with the natural ecology and activate the characteristics of the environments.
Boundary spaces of the bridge and the ancient city have been compounded, the original constructions have been cleaned up, the square has been expanded, walls of the Ming Dynasty have been protected and motor ways and walking paths have been replanned to integrate the bridge landscape, the water body of the Han River, the ancient city walls, the historical blocks and the transitional space and expand the recreational space (Fig. 10).
The Epilogue The research on organic renewal design of landscapes of Guangdong historical bridges needs professional knowledge of architects and planners, but they are only a part of the long-term plan.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Wu Ying Yi, Wei Ci Su
With large-scale river basin development such as water conservancy, ore mining and construction of metallurgical industry, the existing ecological environment problems including soil and water erosion, steep slope reclamation, rock desertification and township enterprises pollution became more evident and serious and threatened the residents living environment in the watershed.
APH [3], fuzzy matter-element method [4], support vector machines (SVM) [5], comprehensive index model [6], system dynamics model [7] and RBF neural network [8] were used in ecological environmental warning assessment, and water ecosystem [9], forest ecosystem [10], agroceosystem [11, 12], oasis ecosystem [13], land ecosystem [14] and urban ecosystem[15] were the main research fields, but there were few studies about watershed ecosystem.
Tab 2 The structure frame of eco-environmental warning index in Wujiang River watershed A Natural Environment (B1) Geologic-landform environment(C1) The percentage of carbonate rock outcrop area (D1 ) The percentage of land slop more than 17.5°(D2 ) Surface fragmentation degree (replaced by drainage density)( D3) Land resources (C2) Cultivated land per capita (D4) Land reclamation rate (D5) The percentage of dry cropland accounting for cultivated land(D6) Arable land per capita (D7) Vegetation condition (C3) Forest coverage(D8) Forest development potential degree(D9) Herb biomass relative index (D10) Per capita grassland area (D11) Soil and water loss (C4) The percentage of soil loss area(D12) Soil erosion intensity (D13) Social Environment (B2) Population situation (C5) Population density (D14) Natural growth rate of population (D15) Population quality (population above the junior middle school making up the total population
) (D16) Proportions of agricultural population (D17) Science and education,cultural and hygiene (C6) Expenditure on science and education per capita (D18) Professional and technical personal per ten thousand (D19) Infrastructure (C7) The density of the highway traffic mileage (D20) With or without transit railway(D21) Post and telecommunications service density (D22) Installed capacity per capita (D23) Economic Environment (B3) Industrial structure (C8) The proportion of tertiary industry in GDP(D24) The proportion of agriculture in GDP(D25) Commerce and industry (C9) Industrial output per capita (D26) The ratio of employees of tertiary industry in the working people(D27) Agriculture (C10) The net income per peasant (D28) Grain output per unit area(D29) The ratio of planting industry in the Gross Agricultural Output Value(D30) Township enterprises (C11) Township enterprise income per capita (D31) The ratio of the production value of rural enterprises in the total
APH [3], fuzzy matter-element method [4], support vector machines (SVM) [5], comprehensive index model [6], system dynamics model [7] and RBF neural network [8] were used in ecological environmental warning assessment, and water ecosystem [9], forest ecosystem [10], agroceosystem [11, 12], oasis ecosystem [13], land ecosystem [14] and urban ecosystem[15] were the main research fields, but there were few studies about watershed ecosystem.
Tab 2 The structure frame of eco-environmental warning index in Wujiang River watershed A Natural Environment (B1) Geologic-landform environment(C1) The percentage of carbonate rock outcrop area (D1 ) The percentage of land slop more than 17.5°(D2 ) Surface fragmentation degree (replaced by drainage density)( D3) Land resources (C2) Cultivated land per capita (D4) Land reclamation rate (D5) The percentage of dry cropland accounting for cultivated land(D6) Arable land per capita (D7) Vegetation condition (C3) Forest coverage(D8) Forest development potential degree(D9) Herb biomass relative index (D10) Per capita grassland area (D11) Soil and water loss (C4) The percentage of soil loss area(D12) Soil erosion intensity (D13) Social Environment (B2) Population situation (C5) Population density (D14) Natural growth rate of population (D15) Population quality (population above the junior middle school making up the total population
) (D16) Proportions of agricultural population (D17) Science and education,cultural and hygiene (C6) Expenditure on science and education per capita (D18) Professional and technical personal per ten thousand (D19) Infrastructure (C7) The density of the highway traffic mileage (D20) With or without transit railway(D21) Post and telecommunications service density (D22) Installed capacity per capita (D23) Economic Environment (B3) Industrial structure (C8) The proportion of tertiary industry in GDP(D24) The proportion of agriculture in GDP(D25) Commerce and industry (C9) Industrial output per capita (D26) The ratio of employees of tertiary industry in the working people(D27) Agriculture (C10) The net income per peasant (D28) Grain output per unit area(D29) The ratio of planting industry in the Gross Agricultural Output Value(D30) Township enterprises (C11) Township enterprise income per capita (D31) The ratio of the production value of rural enterprises in the total
Online since: June 2007
Authors: G. Senthil Kumaran, K.R. Santhi, P.M.Rubesh Anand
Renovation/Maintenance: AR can be used to overlay locations of subsurface electrical, telephone,
gas, and water lines onto real-world views.
Monitoring water quality levels in natural water bodies and artificial lakes, monitoring of the pollution levels can be done effectively by using AR.
Soil Mechanics: AR can be used in locating infrastructures for public supply networks (water, sewage, telephone, electric power) in order to avoid damage when intervention to the subsoil is necessary.
Many research works have been given emphasis to the implementation of Augmented Reality for practical applications like manufacturing, medicine, architecture, education and professional training.
Monitoring water quality levels in natural water bodies and artificial lakes, monitoring of the pollution levels can be done effectively by using AR.
Soil Mechanics: AR can be used in locating infrastructures for public supply networks (water, sewage, telephone, electric power) in order to avoid damage when intervention to the subsoil is necessary.
Many research works have been given emphasis to the implementation of Augmented Reality for practical applications like manufacturing, medicine, architecture, education and professional training.
Research on the Life Cycle Cost Control of Urban Complex Based on the Sustainable Development Theory
Online since: September 2014
Authors: Hong Yue Zhang, Jin Hua Li
The design unit also should use their own professional knowledge make the efficient use of the resources, space and energy and actively using the new construction technology, environmental protection materials and environmental protection technology to provide better design for the urban complex base on the sustainable development.
The construction units should reduce the adverse effects on the environment for construction and production and in the construction water, material selection, waste treatment process using water saving, energy saving, materials saving ideas. 2.4The cost control of urban complex in the operation and maintenance stage In the operation and maintenance phase should focus on strengthening the management of the urban complex maintenance costs, but because of the special nature of the urban complex should also be more control of its operating costs.
This can be done by orderly management system, energy conservation and carbon reduction, and the serial management, solid waste collection and processing, the management of the indoor environment, environmental health management, water saving and energy saving management to the practice of continuous effectively.
Through the timely transformation of water and energy conservation to the urban complex, rational planning replaced the removed materials, rationalize the use of resources, avoid adverse impacts on the environment.
The construction units should reduce the adverse effects on the environment for construction and production and in the construction water, material selection, waste treatment process using water saving, energy saving, materials saving ideas. 2.4The cost control of urban complex in the operation and maintenance stage In the operation and maintenance phase should focus on strengthening the management of the urban complex maintenance costs, but because of the special nature of the urban complex should also be more control of its operating costs.
This can be done by orderly management system, energy conservation and carbon reduction, and the serial management, solid waste collection and processing, the management of the indoor environment, environmental health management, water saving and energy saving management to the practice of continuous effectively.
Through the timely transformation of water and energy conservation to the urban complex, rational planning replaced the removed materials, rationalize the use of resources, avoid adverse impacts on the environment.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Ya Dong Zhu, Liang Jiang, Li Jun Yu, Yao Dong Zhou
B.T Liu et al.[4] found that none of the hydrogen-bond were suitable for the ORC such as water, ammonia and ethanol.
Nomenclature internal efficiency of the expander flow resistance in the total circulation loop mechanical efficiency of the expander and generator total resistance at condenser cooling water side overall efficiency of the working fluid pump at the operating point exergy efficiency isentropic compression efficiency of the working fluid pump product of heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient mechanical efficiency of the working fluid pump compression efficiency of the working fluid pump Subscript 1-18 state points of the cycle specific power evap evaporation specific power output cond condensation specific power consumption wf working fluid , temperature h low grade heat fluid temperature difference c cooling fluid specific volumn tot total specific enthalpy sup superheating pressure sub subcooling heat exchange sys system power output cpump cooling cycle pump thermal efficiency of the ORC system amb ambient specific exergy(kJ/kg) in flow
Table 1 Assumptions for heat source and sink and power plant components Parameter Sign Unit Value The temperature of the low-grade heat flow th,i ºC 150 The temperature of cooling water tc,i ºC 25 The volume flow of low-grade heat flow qv,h m3/h 4000 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in evaporator ΔTevap K 5 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in condenser ΔTcond K 5 Internal efficiency of expander ηT,i 1 0.8 Mechanical efficiency of expander ηT,m 1 0.8 Isentropic efficiency of working fluid pump ηis 1 0.9 Mechanical efficiency of working fluid pump ηPm 1 0.8 Efficiency of cycling pump ηcpump 1 0.8 Steam dry degree at outlet of expander 1 >0.97 Flow resistance in the total circulation loop dprf kPa 600 Total resistance at condenser cooling water side dpcf kPa 300 3.
Professional version 8.
Nomenclature internal efficiency of the expander flow resistance in the total circulation loop mechanical efficiency of the expander and generator total resistance at condenser cooling water side overall efficiency of the working fluid pump at the operating point exergy efficiency isentropic compression efficiency of the working fluid pump product of heat transfer area and overall heat transfer coefficient mechanical efficiency of the working fluid pump compression efficiency of the working fluid pump Subscript 1-18 state points of the cycle specific power evap evaporation specific power output cond condensation specific power consumption wf working fluid , temperature h low grade heat fluid temperature difference c cooling fluid specific volumn tot total specific enthalpy sup superheating pressure sub subcooling heat exchange sys system power output cpump cooling cycle pump thermal efficiency of the ORC system amb ambient specific exergy(kJ/kg) in flow
Table 1 Assumptions for heat source and sink and power plant components Parameter Sign Unit Value The temperature of the low-grade heat flow th,i ºC 150 The temperature of cooling water tc,i ºC 25 The volume flow of low-grade heat flow qv,h m3/h 4000 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in evaporator ΔTevap K 5 Minimum heat transfer temperature difference in condenser ΔTcond K 5 Internal efficiency of expander ηT,i 1 0.8 Mechanical efficiency of expander ηT,m 1 0.8 Isentropic efficiency of working fluid pump ηis 1 0.9 Mechanical efficiency of working fluid pump ηPm 1 0.8 Efficiency of cycling pump ηcpump 1 0.8 Steam dry degree at outlet of expander 1 >0.97 Flow resistance in the total circulation loop dprf kPa 600 Total resistance at condenser cooling water side dpcf kPa 300 3.
Professional version 8.