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This image includes qualitatively the crystalline information between polycrystalline grains.
This analysis technique includes the processing of statistical data of grain size and orientations.
The size of a- or b-axis oriented grains are relatively small, compared to c-axis oriented grains, which are imaged in Fig. 1 (b) by blue color as indicated by 1, 2, and 3 numbers in Fig 1 (b), and which are also localized in larger area than other grains. θ-2θ x-ray scans were performed to compare the nanoscopic orientations of Fig. 1 with macroscopic polycrystalline orientations (Fig. 2 ) of BLT films on Pt electrodes.
Ferroelectric domains of c-axis orientated grains, which are indicated by 1, 2, and 3 numbers in Fig. 4 (a) and (b), respectively, show no changes in the phase image as shown in Fig. 4 (b), even after applied voltage of 10V.
C-axis oriented grains with plate-like morphology show almost linear dielectric behavior.

Image-pro Plus and Adobe Photoshop CS software were used for statistical analyses of the number and size of carbides.
Fig.2 Average number and size of different kinds of carbides in specimens tempered at 400oC.
(a) (b) are for the carbides precipitated at original austenite boundary; (c) (d) are for the carbides precipitated in grain interior Fig.2 shows the number and size of carbides intempered specimens with different magnetic field strength.
This indicates that the magnetic field hinders M2C carbide precipitation.As Fig. 2 (c) (d) shows, for M6C and MC carbides precipitated in grain interior, when applying a magnetic field, their precipitation number increases and the average size decreases obviously.
No M2C carbides precipitated in grain interior for tempered specimens.

Special attention was given to the role of hydrostatic pressure and the effectiveness of the process in terms of grain refinement and high angle grain boundaries formation.
There are a number of methods allowing grain size refinement in metals.
Table 1 shows the grain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries for pure aluminium processed by various methods.
Grain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries for pure aluminium processed by various methods.
In order to avoid excessive influence of the heat, extrusion pressure and thus temperature rise can be decreased by increasing number of passes to achieve the same cumulative strain.

Phase transition grain refinement is the one of main ways that refined grains, importantly, which is used to refine grains that is deformed in the phase transition γ→α.
Good casting microstructure, refined recrystallization austenite grain and the deformated unrecrystallization austenite grain lay the foundation for the final ferritic grain refinement.
In Figure. 2, deformated austenite grain is composed of two parts, one part is the recrystallizated grain, the other part is unrecrystallizated grain.
Not all the deformated austenitic grain has the same capacity of nucleation, so some ferrite from recrystallizated austenite grain is non-uniformity, the non-uniformity leads to duplex grain microstructure.
(2) The microstructure from continuous cooling transformation is a large number of ferrite and some pearlite, when the cooling rate is higher than 30˚C/s, a small number of granular bainite is in the microstructure.

The fine β grains (lighter phase, about 2μm) are dispersed homogeneously in the α2 grains.
The number of cavities decreased with the decrease of strain rate.
At high strain rate 1.7×10-3s-1, a number of small cavities with the pattern of short stick are non-uniformly distributed near the fracture tip.
As previous stated the finer grain could provide better accommodating deformation due to grain boundary sliding, so more cavities were founded in larger grain size at 940℃.
Number of cavities decreased with the decrease of deformation strain rate.

The results showed that grain growth in this Al-4Cu alloy was very limited and grain sizes in the range of 100 nm were still present in the alloys after exposure to 450 °C corresponding to a temperature as high as 0.77 T/Tm.
The grain size of the annealed bulk compacts was measured using TEM analysis.
Also, the bright and dark field TEM images show a large number of nano-sized dispersoid particles.
The grain growth in NC materials is generally suggested to involve grain boundary diffusion [6].
A number of factors, such as grain boundary segregation, solute (impurity) drag and second phase (Zener) drag have been shown to influence the grain boundary mobility in NC materials [7].

The Effects of Different Abrasive Grain Sizes of Diamond Wheel on Grinding-induced Surface Damage.
a (grain size:60#) b (grain size:80#) c (grain size:60#) d (grain size:80#) Fig. 2 Grinding surface topographies of FCC under different abrasive grain sizes of wheel In Fig. 2(a) and 2(c), the abrasive grain sizes are 60#, by contrast, in Fig. 2(b) and 2(d), the abrasive grain sizes are 80#.
Consequently, the grinding surface topographies, under the abrasive grain size of 80#, are better than which are under the abrasive grain size of 60#.
The major reason is that the abrasive grain is smaller and finer with the abrasive grain size numbers increasing, as a result, the wear scars are shallower and denser.
With the increase of abrasive grain sizes number of diamond wheel, the surface damage is better and better.

It was found that all the three factors had significant impact on the number of broken grains.
For the sale of rice grains, whole kernels can be sold at a higher price than broken grains.
Whole kernels refer to intact rice grains containing no broken parts and including at least 90 % of the grain length.
Broken grains, on the other hand, mean broken rice grains with lengths of at least 25% of the grain length.
Broken grains also refer to split rice grains with less than 80 percent of grain volume [9].

Bearing failure of specimen where is the embedment strength of wood member as determined in a clause 10.4.4.2 of O86.1-94, is number of rows, is thickness of the member, is the number of bolts per row, is diameter of the bolts.
A sign of row shear-out on bolted wood connections was shown in Fig.2[9], two longitudinal failure planes at each of bolt would be observed, the strength of row shear-out failure was represented using the following equation [7]: (2) where, is specified strength in shear parallel-to-grain. is the factor for number of rows ( for one row (1 bolt per row ); 0.8 for two rows (2 or more bolts in a row); 0.6 for three rows (2 or more bolts in a row)), is end distance, is bolt spacing in the row.
The strength of group tear–out failure was calculated using the following formula [7]: (3) whereis row spacing,is specified strength in tension parallel-to-grain at the gross section.
Lateral strength and stiffness of single and multiple bolts in glued-laminated timber loaded parallel-to-grain.
On the failure modes and strength of steel-wood-steel bolted timber connections loaded parallel-to-grain.

Experimental results indicate that there are a large number of twin crystals appearing in microstructure of the extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloy sheet at 350 ℃.
The linear intercept grain size is 50 μm.
After annealing at 350 ℃, as shown in Fig.2 (b), a large number of twins come into being throughout the whole grains.
There exists individual grain growth forming large grains and the linear intercept grain size is ～150 μm.
A large number of twins appeared throughout the whole grains after annealing at 350 ℃.