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Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait 2Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Kuwait Airport, P.O.
In model-based engineering, a system is depicted graphically and textually at various levels of granularity and complexity.
It is based on Unified Modeling Language (UML) but addresses systems engineering needs and is more suitable “to analyze, specify, design, and verify complex systems, … to enhance systems quality, improve the ability to exchange systems engineering information amongst tools, and help bridge the semantic gap between systems, software, and other engineering disciplines” [8].
To examine the system, we can physically inspect it and look at technical schema used by maintenance engineers.
Weilkiens: Systems Engineering with SysML/UML: Modeling, Analysis, Design (Elsevier, 2007)

Fig. 2 SiO2-K2O phase diagram showing the operational point of a BTEU for active rice husk silica production Addition of ARHS to high performance concrete (HPC) HPC is an established technology for large scale civil construction using silica fumes [2].
Only the concave parabolic surface has optical precision; dimensions of all other parts have civil or mechanical engineering finishing.
Mattos, Cylindrical parabolic solar collector analysis, optimization, and performance evaluation, Dissertation (Master degree on Mechanical Engineering), (2011), Guaratinguetá Engineering College, Guaratinguetá, 108 p
Levenspiel, Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, Plenum, New York, 1984

Research on structural composition of Long-life Asphalt Concrete Pavement Yun Li1, Changqing Xu2, Xueming Wen3 1: Civil Engineering Colleges, Sanjiang University, Nanjing, China 2: Faculty of International Audit, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing, China 3: Zhan long freeway limited Liability Company, Fujian province Zhan Zhou, China E-mail: liyun_nj@163.com Keywords:Long-life pavement structure; Structure composition; Asphalt pavement; Economic benefit Abstract:Combined with the actual case of Punan highway, Long-life pavement structures are analyzed, and the engineering economic cost benefit ratio method and net present value method are applied for the economic benefit analysis.
On the basis of road budget quota calculation rules and the new material, manpower and mechanical cost price and various fees in accordance with the provisions of the engineering economics, the benefit cost ratio, calculate two kinds of pavement structure type of expressway economic benefits, are given in Table 2 [6].
According to the engineering economics in the present cost principle, two kinds of pavement structure type of highway in the life period cost is reduced to the project construction year costs, as the following Table 3: Table 3 The present value cost of the pavement structure (Yuan / m2) Cost type Road name Initial construction cost Surface reconstruction cost Maintenance cost Total cost Long-life pavement highway 215.4 19.25 13.22 247.87 General highway 192.2 39.32 18.79 250.31 (Note: Assume the benchmark discount rate of 5%, the calculation of the project life of 10 years, overlay thickness of 3cm, the same traffic level, road terrain belong to the plain micro-Hill District).

Experimental Investigations on Capabilities of Resistance Spot Welding and MIG Brazing for Producing Corrugated Beams Using Galvanized Steel Sheets RADU Bogdan1,a*, UNGUREANU Viorel2,3,b, BOTH Ioan2,c, BURCĂ Mircea1,d, BENZAR Stefan2,e, DUBINĂ Dan2,3,f 1University Politehnica Timisoara, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Timisoara 300222, bd.
This paper summarized the research work carried out by a team from Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, together with Department of Materials Science and Engineering, from University Politehnica Timisoara, which tried to determine the possibility to use welding for obtaining built-up cold-formed steel beams made of corrugated galvanized steel sheets (grade S350GD+Z).
One direction in which civil engineers focused their attention was the creation of light structural systems using beams made of corrugated galvanized steel sheets for the web and thin-walled cold-formed galvanized steel profiles for flanges, using welding processes for their assembly.
Two of the most common available processes which caught the attention of the engineers are: resistance spot welding and MIG brazing, both having advantages and disadvantages.

Fu2,b, Shuanhai He1, Dalin Hu1 1School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2Bridge Engineering Software and Technology (BEST) Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA azhengshi.yan@163.com, bccfu@umd.edu Keywords: Bridge, Tie arch, Redundancy, Collapse, Finite element method, Limit states Abstract.
Although this concept is well understood, no consensus is currently available on non-subjective measures engineers should use to quantify structural redundancy and how to apply such measures to design adequately redundant bridges.
References [1] American Society of Civil Engineers. 2005 Report Card for America's Infrastructure, ASCE Press, Virginia (2005)

Numerical Modelling of Damage Progression in Single-fiber Composite under Axial Tension Dongmin Yang1, 2, Yong Sheng1,*, Jianqiao Ye1, Yuanqiang Tan2, Shengqiang Jiang2 1 School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, China * Corresponding author.
Cotterell, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 69 (2002) 533-553
Thornton, Engineering Computations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering, 21 (2004) 304-317
Lei, Engineering Computations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering, 23 (2006) 607-631
Takeda, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 480 (2008) 549-557.

Selection and Application of the Optimal Surface Engineering Method to Restore the Properties of Rolling Equipment Elements that Have Been Reduced Due to Violations of Surface Grinding Technology VOLKOV Оleh1,a*, SUBBOTINА Valeria1,b, KRAIEVSKA Zhanna1,c, VASILCHENKO Alexey2,d 1National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 2, Kyrpychova str., 61002, Kharkiv, Ukraine 2National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine, 94, Chernishevska st., Kharkov, Ukraine, 61023 аvolkovoleg1978@gmail.com, bsubbotina.valeri@gmail.com, c3294280@gmail.com, davas2006@ukr.net Keywords: energy source, friction, deformation, rolls, 40X steel, structural condition, grinding, heat treatment, restored structure, restored properties, hardness.
And it should be emphasized that structural engineering of surface is closely related to the achievement of high functional properties of materials and, accordingly, provides an increase in the operational properties of tools, machine parts and structural elements.
Smyrnova, A study of the phase-structural engineering possibilities of coatings on D16 alloy during micro-arc oxidation in electrolytes of different types, Eastern-european journal of enterprise technologies, 4 12 (106) (2020) 14–23.

Numerical Modelling of B0140 Okatana Bridge Along C46 in Ongwediva DLAMINI Nokuphila Temfundo1,a and ARITO Philemon Abuti1,b* 1Department of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Namibia, Namibia adphilamfundo@gmail.com, bparito@unam.na Keywords: Condition Assessment, Reinforced Concrete Bridges, Numerical Modelling, Load Analysis, Structural Integrity.
Information pertaining to the geometry of the bridge and the mechanical properties of the materials used for construction were obtained from “as-built” engineering drawings from the Roads Authority (RA) of Namibia, physical measurements and non-destructive testing in situ.
Numerical Model Development A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of bridge B0140 was developed - using Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional (RSAP) software - from two-dimensional (2D) engineering drawings of the “as-built” structure.
Information on the existing reinforcement on the bridge was obtained from the “as-built” engineering drawings from the RA and validated in situ using NDT such as reinforcement diameter and spacing measurements.
Kulicki, “Handbook of International Bridge Engineering,” 1st ed., W.

FEM Analysis on Tensile Force of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Arranged in GRS-RW Considering Variable Loading Rate Fu-lin Li 1, a, Fang-le Peng 2,b 1State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 221116 2Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China 200092 alflmail@163.com (corresponding author), bpengfangle@tongji.edu.cn Keywords: geosynthetic reinforcement, retaining wall, rate-dependent behavior, loading rate, finite element method Abstract.

Comparison Experiments on Relieving Differential Settlement of Subgrade by Graded Crushed Rock in Different Particle Sizes LIANG Wei1, YANG Bin2, 3, a, ZHAO Yunliang2, 3, LI Yu2, 3 and WEN Xinkun2, 3 1Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction 2College of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Guangxi University 3Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education Nanning,P.R.China ayangbin5612@163.com Keywords: Graded crushed rock; Differential settlement of subgrade; Experiments Abstract: By the self-made experimental device, the experiment research on the role of relieving differential settlement of subgrade on graded crushed rock in different particle sizes has conducted.
Road Engineering, 2008(2): 53-55
Evaluation of geogrid as a reinforcement layer in clay based engineered barriers[J].