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The issues which the topology optimization can solve includes: the design of a variety of structures and mechanisms in the field of aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, micro-electromechanical design; cell clamp in the field of life sciences and micro-medical devices in the interventional therapy; the design of composite materials with specific properties.
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Introduction Additive manufacturing of composite materials is of great interest in current research and development.
Although Markforged printers are often used to manufacture functional prototypes and tools [7], these printers are closed systems, and hence any alteration in the materials and slicer parameters is not possible, limiting in this way their application for material research and development.
Perinpanayagam, The present and future of additive manufacturing in the aerospace sector, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2014, 229 (11): 2132–2147
Li, Interface and performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2016, 88: 198–205
Liu, Rapid prototyping of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites by 3D printing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2016, 238: 218–225

With the appearance of smart materials, the electrorheological fluids (ERF) which possess field-dependent Bingham characteristics have been employed in the tension control system.
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Guo: A Master Degree Thesis of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China 2004).

Preface The special issue of the "Defects and Diffusion Forum" journal named "Defects and Diffusion Phenomena in Materials for Nuclear Technologies" contains selected peer-reviewed papers covering various aspects of theoretical and experimental study of materials important for the field of nuclear engineering.
The present issue is aimed at complex investigation of nuclear fuel and structural materials properties with considering defects features.
Defects and diffusion are key concepts at description of nuclear materials behavior at thermal and radiation impacts.
Evolution of various defects (such as point defects, dislocations, grain boundaries) determines changes of the materials properties under operating conditions.
We hope that this special issue will be useful for researchers and engineers in the field of material science and nuclear engineering.

Experimental Materials.
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Due to the complexity of microstructures of the rock material and the diversity of factors, the understanding of its mechanism of fractures is still a major issue that the science of geology and mining facing of .
In recent years, many experts at home and abroad applied the fractal theory to study morphology features of rock material fracture, and made great progress[3-10].
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Mechanical based surface treatment is also used for improving materials properties.
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Structural Intensity Analysis of Shells Structure Under Harmonic Excitation Guoying Zenga and Dengfeng Zhaob School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan Province 621010, P.R.
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Experimental Material.
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