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The materials upon the point P were rise up along rake face.
In simultaneity, the materials below the point P were flowed towards to flank face and formed the machined faces. θ is the position angle of point P.
The rake force was generated mainly from three sources: the force of spring back of workpiece materials, the force of plastic formation of workpiece materials and the force of friction between chip and tool rake face.
Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering-Transactions of the Asme. 1998, 120(4): 700-707
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007(182): 167-173.

Material and Calculation Model Material Model.
The calculation model of top-air-decking charge structure is shown in Figure 1; the calculation model consists of three materials: explosives, rock（quartz sandstone, muddy shale） and air.
Stem uses quartz sandstone materials to simplify the calculation.
Zhang: China Safety Science Journal, Vol.9 (1999) No.4, pp.41-43(in Chinese) [5] R.P.
Cai: Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, Vol.31 (2009) No.16, pp.77-81(in Chinese) [10] L.

Each fiber can be defined with different materials constitutive; fiber usually uses the uniaxial constitutive model, and can consider the material nonlinearity.
Mechanical properties of the materials Table. 2 materials yield strength (MPa) peak strength (MPa) elastic modulus (MPa) steel box girder 355 521 1.97×105 steel strand 1670 1860 1.95×105 common reinforced 335 518 2.04×105 concrete / / 3.58×104 The materials of concrete used C60.
The materials of steel box girder used Q345.
ACI Structural Journal, 1982, 79: 13-27
Journal of Structural Engineering. 1998. 6: 0704-0711.

Acknowledgement This project would not have been possible without support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50875068).
Evans: Annals of the CIRP, Vol. 46 (1997), pp.25-30 [4] J Barry, G Byrne: Journal of Engineering, Vol. 124 (2002), pp.528-535 [5] M.
Wang: Journal of Dalian University of Technology, Vol. 15 (2004), pp. 1603-1606 (In Chinese) [7] D Umbrello, J Hua, R Shivpuri: Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 374 (2004), pp. 90-100 [8] Q Wen, Y.
Guo, Todd Beth: Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 173 (2006), pp.21-28 [9] T.
Li: Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol.10-12 (2008), pp.303-307 Fig. 4 Dynamic cutting force in adiabatic shear process a Simulation result b Temperature distribution curve Fig. 3 Temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band Temprature oC Point in adiabatic shear band

Internal cell resistance strongly depends on cell materials, contact resistance and temperature.
Table 2: Electrolytes’ material factors Electrolyte , S/cm , kJ/mol Li/K 5.653 37.36 Li/Na 15.22 44.02 It was assumed that the thickness of the Li/K electrolyte matrix was 1 mm.
Acknowledgments The project was funded by the National Center for Science, awarded by decision number DEC-2011/01/B/ST8/04926 References [1] Kupecki J., Badyda K.
Parodi, “Optimisation of the cell shape for industrial MCFC stacks,” Journal of Power Sources 86, pp. 302–308, 2000
Miller, “Influences of the type and thickness of electrolyte on solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system performance,” Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3(4), pp. 396–402, 2006

The section is a rectangle whose long side is equivalent groove width [4~6] and short is depth constant value according to workpiece material.
References [1] X Y Wang: Evolution complexity of the elementary cellular automaton (Thesis Su Zhou University, 2007) (in Chinese) [2] C W ZHANG: Journal of Guizhou University.
Vol. 21 (3) (2004), p.289 (in Chinese) [3] X M Feng, G Y Tan and G J Liu: Machine Design & Research Vol. 25 (5) (2009), p.68 (in Chinese) [4] X.M.Feng, G.Y.Tan, G.H.Li: Advanced Material Research, Vol. 69-70 (2009), p. 636 [5] Murat Kiyak, Mirigul Altan and Erhan Altan: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 33(2007), p. 251 ~ 259 [6] J.
Lee: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.
Vol.17 (2001), p. 489 [7] X.M.Feng, G.Y.Tan: Key Engineering Materials.

Introduction There are many applications for magnetic fluid no matter whether it is in medical science or commercial because of the progress made on magnetic fluid materials in recent years.
Acknowledgement This research was supported, in part, by the project of the National Science Council, Taiwan, under grant NSC 101-2221-E-033-017-CC3- References [1] D.
Sharma, Effect of magnetic field-dependent viscosity on revolving ferrofluid, J. of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol.322, (2010)3476–3480
L.Smorodin, The stability of ferrofluid flow in a vertical layer subject to lateral heating and horizontal magnetic field, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Material, Vol.322, Issue 17, (2010)2596-2606
Egorov, The investigation of the magnetic fluid stability using the devices with magnetic field microsensors, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol.289, (2005)108–110

In INC cutting process, it has different cutting properties compared to homogeneous materials for its structure characteristics which finally has great effects on machining quality[1].
References [1] N.Fan, P.Q.Guo, S.R.Wang and X.L.Fu: Advanced Materials Research Vol. 426(2012), p. 209-212 [2] S.
Liu: Journal of Inorganic Materials Vol. 20(2005), p. 1431-1437 [5] X.
Huang: Journal of Chinese Ceramic Society, Vol. 33(2005), p. 1215-1219 [6] A.
Staudenecker: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 24(2004), p. 3399-3408 [7] K.

Experimental methods Materials: Industrial hemp fiber filaments having a length of 2.5 mm were obtained from Hempline Inc.
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2006. 25(3): p. 313-327
Composites Part a-Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2004. 35(3): p. 357-362
Composites Science and Technology, 2008. 68(15-16): p. 3293-3298
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011. 119(6): p. 3696-3707

Experimental Materials Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Gaonan chemical plant, south of Shanghai Pudong, China).
All the chemicals and materials were commercially available as guaranteed-grade reagents and used without further purification and treatment.
It was observed that swelling ratio of the materials increased with PEG percentage rising.
European Polymer Journal,2009,5(45): 1412-1419
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009, 36(4-5): 555-564.