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The technique key of SNC is to cause severe plastic deformation (SPD) on surface layer of materials induced by high energy shot peening (HESP).
The later this procedure happens, the easier the materials deform superplastically, benefiting from the finer grain size and the high strain rate.
Minghui SONG of National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan, where all the TEM analysis in this paper was conducted.
Wang, et al: Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, Vol. 37(2008), P1856-1859
Li: Chinese Journal of Materials Research.

Experiments Raw Materials.
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References [1] Frank Maldonado, Arvids Stashans, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 71 (2010) 784-787
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In fact, μp is influenced by different deformation mechanism of materials during scratch, such as plowing, cracking and crazing [5].
B.Bhushan et al. [10,11] studied the variation of friction coefficient of silicon, silicon dioxide and natural diamond materials under different loads.
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References [1] Luo Shiyu.Journal of Materials Engineering.Vol.8(2005), p.10(In Chinese) [2] NABARRO FRANK R N.
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Material Science and Engineering A.

Material and Equipment A powder Ti-6Al-4V with a dispersion of 45-90 μm was used at this work.
Microstructure of the samples Fig. 8b shows the XRD pattern for the as-deposited material.
These phases largely embrittles the material [7].
Turichin, High-Speed Direct Laser Deposition: Technology, Equipment and Materials, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 125 (2016) 245–254
Norman, Influence of the protective atmosphere on the structure and properties parts from titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by direct laser deposition, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

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Yoon, Effects of Mg enhancement and heat treatment on microstructures and tensile properties of Al2Ca-added ADC12 die casting alloys, Journal of Materials Science & Technology (accepted, 2016)

This is due to the fact that such regions often determine the physicochemical properties of materials of the greatest interest for microelectronics or materials science.
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Mukashev, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 81 (2015) 012022
Otabaeva, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1889 (2021) 022063

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Computational details All calculations were implemented in CASTEP module of Materials Studio 6.1, which is based on the plane wave pseudopotential Density Function Theory.
To achieve better investigation of semiconductor materials, optical properties play a very important role.
[8] QixinWan, ZhihuaXiong, JiangnanDai, et al., First-principles study of Ag-based p-type doping difficulty in ZnO, Optical Materials, 30 (2008) 817-821
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[11] Chunping Li, Xin Chen, Baolin Zhang, First-principle Study on Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Au, N Co-doped ZnO, Materials Review, 29, 2 (2015) 159-162