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Three-dimensional position of grains was detected by grain-boundaries visualizing method.
Grains deform inhomogeneous, because slip deformation is not continuous on grain boundary.
The number of 74 grains was found in this study.
A grain contains the number of 10 - 100 particles.
The tensile strain in the whole sample was measured from the number of slice by counting 1 pixel as 0.5 mm.

Emission Nuclear Gamma-Resonance Spectroscopy of Grain Boundaries in Coarse-Grained and Ultrafine-Grained Polycrystalline Mo V.V.
Introduction A method based on the emission nuclear gamma-resonance (NGR) spectroscopy on radioisotope nuclei inserted in grain boundaries (GBs) has been recently successfully applied for the study of structural and physical properties of high-angle grain boundaries in a number of metals.
Recently the state of grain boundaries in coarse-grained materials has been investigated by emission NGR spectroscopy in a number of studies [3-7].
As demonstrated in a number of recent publications including [8-9], grain boundaries in ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) differ from the grain boundaries of recrystallization origin in conventional polycrystals, though most of the available studies allow to judge on these differences only qualitatively.
Summary The state of grain boundaries in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained Mo has been studied by the emission Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Table 1 Recrystallization temperature test results Cast number Grain size at 960ºC×1h( level) Heat treatment parameters (300 ºC /h,400 ºC) Grain size ( level) Microscopic characteristic 1 5.0 ~ 4.5 630 ºC×1h Deformation grain Reverting 6 4.5 650 ºC×1h Deformation grain Reverting 8 4.5 670 ºC×1h >10.0 Recrystallization 10 5.0 ~ 3.5 900 ºC×1h 8.0 Uniformity 11 5.0 ~ 3.5 960 ºC×1h 5.0 ~ 3.5 Nonuniformity 11 5.0 ~ super-large 1000 ºC×1h 4.5 Nonuniformity Note: Heat treatment parameters(300 ºC /h,400 ºC)mean heating samples to specified temperature in hydrogen atmosphere, after preserving 1 hour, and cooling at 300 ºC / h to 400 ºC, then discharging.
In order to reduce the test numbers, the single factor optimization method (0.618) is used to calculate temperature [4].
Single factor optimization test results Cast number Grain size at 960 ºC×1h( level) Heat treatment parameters (300 ºC /h,400 ºC) Grain size (level) Microscopic characteristic 3 5.5 ~ 4.5 655 ºC×1h ≥10.0 Recrystallization 4 5.5 ~ 4.5 937 ºC×1h 8.0 ~ 6.5 Coarse grain Confirmed by the Table 2 and Fig.3 that recrystallization temperature is about 655 ºC, the secondary recrystallization temperature is about 940 ºC.
So it is an abnormal phenomenon that grains begining grew up together in 960 ºC.
But it is not an advisable method by increasing deformation rate to refine grains.

Grain boundary sliding.
Shear traction acting on a plane boundary with a normal vector can be calculated as follows: (2) The superscript β indicates the number of assumed boundary plane.
It is worth mentioning that assuming a higher number of slide directions than 12 had no significant change in the results, therefore, only 12 slide directions were enough in the present modeling.
The numbers of grains P with various diameters in nano-crystalline materials can usually be well represented by a log-normal distribution function: (46) where d is the grain diameter and Do and are constant parameters describing the median and shape parameters of the distribution, respectively [22].
In the model, grain interior plasticity, grain-boundary diffusion and grain-boundary sliding are considered.

Elongated grains were evident at the edge.
Nucleation efficiency refers to the effectiveness of a given type of inoculant with specific physical characteristics and solidification conditions, such as number density, size, size distribution, and cooling rate.
For a given MgAl2O4 spinel crystal size (100-300 nm) in the current study, amount of MgAl2O4 particles present in the master alloy seemed to be satisfying the number density required for efficient grain refinement.
The difference in the grain refinement between ultrasonicated and non-ultrasonicated alloys can be correlated with the change in the number of the nucleating particles.
This increases the number of particles taking part for the nucleation event.

Introduction Every year the grain losses caused by grain storage insects were about 5% of the total storage capacity all over the world.
The high inspection accuracy grain storage insects that could decrease grain loss and increase control level of grain storage insects [1,2].
The and were defined as follows: (9) Where denoted the number of the strongest robustness SIFT matching points .denoted the straight line slope of pass through the ith .denoted the mean of all the straight line slope.
The paper still could respectively the same number of SIFT matching points in the both groups images by using epipolar constraint.
Table 1 The statistics data for experiment result for really grain storage insect images Data The number of features points variance mean square deviation SIFT Extraction Epipolar Constraint The first group 41 19 126.12 11.23 The second group 28 13 16.16 4.02 The third group 192 192 0 0 The forth group 233 233 0 0 Conclusions The paper gave the grain storage insect image for automatic identification algorithm.

It is considered that the contact stiffness between the grinding wheel and the workpiece depends on the number of the abrasive grains in contact with the workpiece and the support stiffness of a single abrasive grain.
Since the grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains and bond bridges, it is considered that the contact stiffness depends on the number of the abrasive grains in contact with the workpiece and a support stiffness of a single abrasive grain.
If the number of the abrasive grains in contact with the workpiece can be estimated, and the support stiffness of a single abrasive grain can be obtained, the theoretical contact stiffness can be calculated.
To calculate the number of abrasive grains in contact area, the abrasive grains density per unit area on the wheel surface is needed.
The number of abrasive grains on the wheel surface can therefore be estimated by multiplying the number of cutting points by 1/2.

The grain size of alloys, d, is controlled by the addition of potent nucleating particles (low nucleation undercooling ∆Tn), the number of those particles, �v, the proportion that are active, f, the solute content of the alloy, Q, [4] and the cooling conditions such as cooling rate and superheat when casting into cold moulds [5,6].
Whilst only a small percentage of TiB2 particles actually act as nucleating substrates [4,15], there are a number of things that can poison the grain refining effect.
Hence, reducing the grain size has an effect on a number of competing factors that can result in an increase or decrease on hot tear susceptibility.
A map of the hot tear susceptibility of ternary Al-Si-Mg alloys based on load at solidus measurements (numbers next to points) on the CAST hot tearing rig based at the University of Queensland.
These findings have been collated into a number of guiding points that can be considered by casthouse and foundry engineers when optimising their process operating costs and casting quality.

The number of angular extrusion pass executed on specimen ranged from 1 to 8, and expressed as C1, C2, up to C8.
However, further refining is not achieved even when the number of extrusions are increased up to eight passes (Fig. 5).
As such, doubling the number of passes through the 120o die angle will accumulate more shear strain than passes through 90 o, yet the resulting grain structure was not fine.
The above data and associated argument indicate that fine or extremely fine grain by ECAE is not solely dependent on extrusion angle or number of passes.
Extrusion Temperature Number of Extrusion Pass Average grain size (μm) As-received (C0) 10 C1 8.5 C1 3.9 C2 3.7 C3 2.6 C4 2.6 C5 2.8 C6 3.0 C7 2.7 200℃ C8 2.6 C1 C3 C5 C7 Fig. 4 Optical metallographic microstructures of AZ31 processed by ECAE (channel angel=90°, one initial pass at 250℃, followed by C1、C3、C5、C7 at 200℃). 2 C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Average Grain Size(μ m) Number of Extrusion Pass Φ= 120 o Φ=90 o Fig. 5 Average grain size of the AZ31 after ECAE processing at 200℃ with two different channel angels.

The number and the size of the recrystallized grains generally increase as the annealing temperature increases.
The total number of grains used for this calculation were as follows: 2663 grains at 790°C, 1144 grains at 850°C, 1037 grains at 900°C and 954 grains at 950°C.
The number of grain boundaries used for the calculation was 650 and 512 for Goss and {111}<112> orientations, respectively.
Consequently, {111}<112> grains have a much higher frequency of high angle grain boundaries than Goss grains.
Average grain diameter of grains with various orientations with annealing temperature during the progress of grain growth.