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It is suggested that the molten material is then forced onto to the surface due to volume expansion.
Kanjilal “Synthesis of nanocrystalline tin oxide thin films by swift heavy ion irradiation” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6 (2006)2554-2559 [5] Madhavi Thakurdesai, A.
Kanjilal, Varsha Bhattacharyya, “Formation of nano-hillocks by impact of swift heavy ions on thin films of TiO2” Applied Surface Science 254 (2008)4695 – 4700 [7] J.
Carbon cluster irradiation” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 16 (2004)1563-1575 [14] G.
Dufour, B Paumier, M Toulemonde, “The Se sensitivity of metals under swift-heavy-ion irradiation: a transient thermal process” Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6 (1994)6733-6750

Experimental Section 2.1 Raw materials and reagents.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 109(2008), p. 1861~1870
Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 40(2002), p. 3703~3710
Journal of materials science, vol. 37(2002), p. 4109~4115
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, vol. 14(1976), p. 2807~2817.

Curing Time and Water Repellent Properties of Dammar-Titanium Dioxide Thin Film A.N.Hasnan and A.H.Ahmada Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia aazizahanom@salam.uitm.edu.my Keywords: Dammar resin, wettability, contact angle measurement, water absorption, curing time, coating material, aluminium substrate, thin film Abstract.
Percentage of water uptake after 24 hours immersion Sample Percentage of water absorption (%) PD0 0.1 PDT0 0. 004 PDT1 0.003 PDT3 0.001 PDT5 0.004 Acknowledgement Authors would like to thank Faculty of Applied Sciences (FSG) for their financial support.
Greenwood, International Journal of Coal Geology Molecular characterization of fossil and extant dammar resin extracts : Insights into diagenetic fate of sesqui- and triterpenoids, 121 (2014) 129–136
Ahmad, Adhesion and Hardness Evaluation of Modified Silicone-Dammar as Natural Coating Materials, American Institute Of Applied Sciences, 9 (6): (2012) 890-893
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 9(6) (2012) 725–733

Furthermore, the effectiveness of the DES was tested by enzymatic reactions using novozym 435® for the production of palm biodiesel with raw materials DPO.
In general, enzymatic reactions run in mild conditions and can also be applied even by using raw materials with high levels of free fatty acids.
Experimental Materials and methods.
DPO raw materials with 2.6% FFA content and 1.2% moisture content obtained from PT Nusantara Plantation IV Indonesia.
Wulandari, Transesterification process of palm oil using novozym®435 in choline chloride (CHCL) ionic liquid system to produce biodiesel, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, (2016) 11 16

Prapainainar2,4,5,6d* 1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced and Sustainable Environmental Engineering (International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand 3Natural rubber focus unit, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, PathumThani, 12120, Thailand 4National Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand 5Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology, Applications in Chemical Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 6Department of Chemistry and NANOTEC Center for Nanoscale Materials Design for Green Nanotechnology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand ak.thammarit@hotmail.com, bsurapicl@mtec.or.th, cchaveer@mtec.or.th, dfengpwn@ku.ac.th Keyword: Graft Copolymer, Natural Rubber, Polystyrene,
Experiment Materials.
European Polymer Journal, 2011. 47(3): p. 330-337
Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology, 2010. 5(1): p. 81-88
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2003. 89(1): p. 63-74

To: Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 364 (2007), pp. 629-633
Lv: Journal of Zhejiang University - Science A, Vol. 8 (2007), pp. 1077-1083
(Nature Science Edition), Vol. 33 (2005), pp. 67-69
Rahmat: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 197 (2008), pp. 22-30
Uzman: Materials and Design, Vol. 28 (2007), pp. 1271-1278 [10] X.J.

After the group of Venturello first reported the system of Na2WO4/H3PO4/R4N+Cl-/H2O2 for the epoxidation in 1983, phase transfer catalysts have been developed rapidly in past decades[2] and now they are widespread used in synthetic organic chemistry such as the synthesis of drugs, agrochemicals ,spice, papermaking and materials and so on[3].
Materials and methods Materials.
Epoxidized soybean oil products epoxy ,acid values and iodine values were determined according to GB/T1677-2008 "Determination of plasticizers epoxy value", GB/T1668-2008 "Plasticizer acid value and acidity determination " and GB/T1676-2008 " Determination of plasticizers iodine value", then calculated the double bond conversion using the follow equation: double bond conversion(%)= (1) IV— iodine value(g/100g) RM— raw material ESO—epoxidized soybean oil Results and discussion The higher double bond conversion is, the more raw materials are consumed.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 31130042, 31271885, 31271884) and National science and technology (No. 2012BAD37B01, 2013AA102103）and Public welfare (agriculture) research project（No. 201303072) for the financial support of this research.
:Journal of Molecular Catalysis((In Chinese).Vol.24 (2010) , p.387-391 [6] Min Chen, Pingping Jiang, Xia Ya, et al.

Acknowledgement This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60979001) and the Key Science and Technology Project of Civil Aviation University of China (Grant No.
International Journal Adhesion & Adhesive, 1999, 19: 161-171
International Journal Adhesion & Adhesive, 1999,19: 173-180
Journal Applied Mechanic, 1944, 11: A17-27
AIAA Journal, 1996, 34: 369-374

Construction and Building Materials.
Key Engineering Materials. 517 (2012) 450-457
Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 25 (2013) 400-409
Journal of Materials Science. 47 (2012) 4167-4177
Journal Materials Science. 49 (2014) 7497-7506

This means that the samples have higher strength and ductility than standard materials.
EDS test carried out on API 5L grade B material exposed to corrosion experiments is shown in Table 4.
The carbon content in Table 4 has a much greater value than in the raw material of API 5L grade B.
Uhlig, An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2008
Cao, Investigation on structure and corrosion resistance of complex inorganic passive film based on graphene oxide, Corrosion Science 150, (2019), 64–75