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Due to the importance of studying the flow pattern around ARs of different shapes such as cubes, pyramids and triangular prisms, many studies have been conducted experimentally in wind tunnel, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to study the effect of geometry of these ARs on the flow pattern around them [15]-[16].
The results were then used to verify the numerical results obtained from finite volume method (FVM) simulations [17].
Computational Method Finite volume method was used in Ansys CFX for discretizing the fluid domains in all simulations for the helmet and the hollow cube ARs.
Numerical grid of helmet artificial reef for all Ansys Aqwa simulations Fig 5(b).
Numerical grid of hollow cube artificial reef for all Ansys Aqwa simulations Table 2.

aoka18usmmech@gmail.com, bmezul@usm.my Keywords: Thermal Simulation, Convergence Study, Thermal Resistance, Mass Equation, Momentum Equation, Energy Equation.
Few approaches were used to ensure the accuracy of the thermal simulation method, ranging from the minimum number of simulation iterations required in the finite element analysis, to the residuals target in terms of the momentum, continuity and energy equations, the objective is to ensure the simulations are converged and provide the reasonable results, which is also an indication of how the partial equations have successfully been solved with analytic method.
The analysis of CPU with variable heat sink base plate thickness using CFD addressed the convergence issue with the simulation data, the study converged at 10-4 and 10-8 for flow and energy equations respectively［3］.
Thermal Simulation A full 3D thermal model has been developed in the Ansys software [10], which consists of a fan to act as the forced air cooling device, together with a heat sink which is attached with an IC Package, the simulation was performed with the different heat source and the corresponding monitor point is measured to represent the response of the junction temperature.
Govindarajan, Thermal Analysis of CPU with variable Heat Sink Base Plate Thickness using CFD, 2010 [4] Darwin Edwards, Semiconductor and IC Package Thermal Metrics [5] Pelham, Simplified Method for Estimating Heat Sink Thermal Resistance, Forced Convection [6] VA.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS Fluent demonstrated that most designs achieved a flow rate of 14.56 nL/s, closely matching theoretical values and meeting the physiological requirements of islets.
The generated models were seamlessly integrated into ANSYS Fluent, renowned for its precision in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
By leveraging these tools, detailed models were developed, and advanced fluid simulations were conducted to analyze flow behavior within the irrigation channels.
Computational Simulation The geometries were imported into ANSYS Workbench 2021 R1.
The obtained Re values remained below 2300 in all simulations, confirming a consistent laminar flow [27].

These experiment data are very expensive no matter from the prototype experiment or computer simulation, so finding out the global model of the existing CCP etcher with less trials is necessary.
Typical etch fabrication process modeling and optimizing Xu and etc. have studied on a dual-frequency CCP etch chamber process, a 2D axisymmetric model of 300mm etcher is built in CFD-GEOM/CFD-ACE+, a popular multi-physics simulation software in semiconductor industry.
By orthogonal design, a group of plasma simulation experiments are carried out.
OPTIMUS software were adopted for the process modeling and later on RBF, Kringing and least-squares models are compared based on the simulation experiments data.
And it has been shown that error of the optimization and simulation result is less than 4%, it can give engineers good advice to modify etch input parameters.

Yang Institute of Hydraulic Engineering ,Xi’an University of Technology,Xi’an, China wei_wenli@126.com Keywords: characteristics; CFD simulation; Water drop falling Abstract: In this paper, a numerical two-phase flow model combining with the Realizable k–ε turbulent model for compressible viscous fluid is presented for the computation of water drop falling characteristics; and the equations are solved with the finite volume method.
The results of this simulation are presented in Figs.3.

This paper mainly focuses on the numerical simulation of temperature field in the cyclone separation.
Therefore the simulation only focuses on the single cylinder.
Meshing is the premise process of numerical simulation and also the discrete process of calculating region.
The number of the grid has nothing to do with the final result according to the theory of CFD, and when the intensity of the grid reaches a certain value, it has little effect on the simulation result by continuing encryption [1].
Fig. 5 Total temperature field Numerical simulation analysis Temperature distribution at various locations in CLT/A type cyclone can be intuitively obtained through numerical simulation shown in the Fig. 5.

The simulation mainly includes the whole process of the intake and exhaust process of gasoline engine and the simulation model that reflects the actual working process of gasoline engine is built through the use of given boundary condition.
Introduction of AVL BOOST Software AVL BOOST is automobile engine performance simulation software developed by Austria AVL Company.
One-dimensional model for CA3GA2 engine Results and discussion Lean Combustion Engine Emissions Characteristic Simulation Research.
Relationship between BSFC and A/F Lean Combustion Engine Fuel Economy Simulation Research.
(In Chinese) [3] Timothy P, Gardner Naeim: Compression ratio optimization in a direct injection diesel engine: a mathematical model: SAE paper 880427, 1988 [4] Masahiro SHIOJI, Hiroshi KAWANABE, Yoshifumi TAGUCHI , et al: CFD Simulation for the Combustion Process in Hydrogen Engines: Proceedings of the 15th World Hydrogen Energy Conference.

Another method is the use of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation software.
A mathematical model and a CFD method are used to analyze the effects of different tube shapes on the radiant system performance.
The utilization of a large number of control volumes used in the simulation will have a proportional effect on the simulation time.
The file has 8760 time steps corresponding to each time step of the simulation.
A greater number of nodes have been tried in some simulations but the simulation time of the model increases proportionally with the complexity of the model.

Analysis of Voltage Losses in High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with Properties of Membrane Materials and Fluent Software XiaoLe Yang1,a, Yan Yin1,b*, Bin Jia1,2,c* and Qing Du1,d 1State Key Laboratory of Engines, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China 2Tianjin Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute, Tianjin, China aleleleyang@126.com, b*yanyin@tju.edu.cn, c*jiabin@cleanengines.com, dduqing@tju.edu.cn Keywords: voltage loss; high temperature proton exchange membrane; fuel cells; phosphoric acid doping; CFD Abstract.
Parameter Value Unit Channel length; width; depth 100; 1.0; 1.0 [mm] Rib width 0.5 [mm] Thicknesses of PEM; CL; GDL 0.05; 0.01; 0.2 [mm] Volume fraction of electrolyte in CL 0.4 [-] Porosities of CL; GDL 0.3; 0.4 [-] Permeabilities of CL; GDL 6.2´10-13; 6.2´10-12 [m2] Densities of PEM; CL; GDL; BP 1980; 1000; 1000; 1000 [kg m-3] Specific heat capacities of PEM; CL; GDL; BP 1650; 3300; 568; 1580 [J kg-1 K-1] Thermal conductivities of PEM; CL; GDL; BP 0.95; 1.0; 1.0; 20 [Wm-1K-1] Electrical conductivities of CL; GDL; BP 300; 300; 20000 [S m-1] FLUENT and user defined functions in the CFD code are used to solve this model.
Fig. 2 Polarization curves of simulations Fig. 3 Voltage losses at different DLs.

Numerical Simulations In total 3 designs of the air fin where used to perform 2D numerical simulation using the commercial software Autodesk Simulation CFD 360.
Fig 4 Simulation domain: a) no straight section; b) 2.5 [mm] straight section; c) 7.5 straight section Fig 4 shows the domain boundary conditions used.
Data given by the simulation software isn’t in a form that permits us to extract directly the convection coefficient and the friction coefficient.
Here the problem arises from the fact that the simulations are 2D and not 3D.
Nagi, “Numerical Study of Corrugation Amplitude Influence of a Wavy Fin in Overall Performance of a Compact Heat Exchanger,” in ACME 2014, (2014) [9] Autodesk Simulation CFD 2014, “Help: SST K-Omega Turbulence Models.”