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Online since: July 2014
Authors: Bin Shi, Zeng Zhong Wang
Basic information of the highway construction project
A
B
C
D
Project Element
Estimated Cost (thousand, $)
Low %
High %
1
Purchase of right-of-way
1,200
100%
100%
2
Design
200
98%
105%
3
Hazardous substance
125
92%
110%
4
Coordination with railroad companies
50
96%
108%
5
Treatment of water discharged
400
90%
125%
6
Road user cost
100
85%
130%
7
Lane rental
80
90%
115%
8
Construction Cost
1,500
90%
120%
9
Total Cost
3,855
Figure 2.
Professional Practice Guide 2: Risk.
Professional Practice Guide 2: Risk.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Xiao Jia Luo
highway
Other highways
Second-class highway
Third and fourth-class highway
1△
Degree of compac- tness (%)
excavation(m)
0~0.30
—
—
94
densimetry: 4 times in compacted layer every 200 meters
3
0~0.80
≥96
≥95
—
fill
(m)
0~0.80
≥96
≥95
≥94
0.80~1.50
≥94
≥94
≥93
>1.50
≥93
≥92
≥90
2△
flexure(0.01mm)
no more than requirement of desigh value
Detection according to specification
3
3
Longitudinal height(mm)
+10,-15
+10,-20
Dumpy level:4times detection in fracture surface every 200 meters
2
4
Midline deviation(mm)
50
100
theodolite:4 times detection every 200 meters,adding HY, YH in curve
2
5
Width(mm)
No less than design
meter ruler: 4 times detection every 200 meters
2
6
flatness(mm)
15
20
3-meter ruler: 2×10feet detection every 200 meters
2
7
Cross slope(%)
±0.3
±0.5
Dumpy level: 4times detection in fracture surface every 200 meters
1
8
Side slope
No steeper than design value
dipstick metering 4 times detection every 200 meters
1
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can realize pavement thickness, water
Detection and Assessment Method of Highway Engineering Quality 3.1 Comply with the specification The quality evaluation of highway engineering should strictly obey national laws and regulations,especially standard in JTG_FS01-2004 (highway engineering quality detection and evaluation standard.For instance, construction projects should be divided into different units,engineering is a work process to complete the partial body based on the technical conditions, design pattern and engineering part; division of the project is carried out in accordance with the types of professional engineering division.
Detection and Assessment Method of Highway Engineering Quality 3.1 Comply with the specification The quality evaluation of highway engineering should strictly obey national laws and regulations,especially standard in JTG_FS01-2004 (highway engineering quality detection and evaluation standard.For instance, construction projects should be divided into different units,engineering is a work process to complete the partial body based on the technical conditions, design pattern and engineering part; division of the project is carried out in accordance with the types of professional engineering division.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Feng Li Zhang
In users’ opinion, the resources of ‘cloud’ can be used as required and purchased like water and electricity.
How to effectively manage the archives derived from ‘cloud’ is the problem archives department should resolve in the ‘cloud’ era. 3.2.2 Changes of Talent structure in archive department In the other side of ‘cloud’, there are professional manager to maintain system.
How to effectively manage the archives derived from ‘cloud’ is the problem archives department should resolve in the ‘cloud’ era. 3.2.2 Changes of Talent structure in archive department In the other side of ‘cloud’, there are professional manager to maintain system.
Online since: March 2014
Authors: Gie Steenput
The teacher is a friendly jet strict example figure, is constantly developing his / her professional skills [6].
More recent, Michael Pawlyn is designing structures in the middle of the African deserts to make them green again by studying how insects collect water in one of the driest places on earth [25].
A few months ago I came across the site ‘Play the city’ [31] were people, specialized in all kind of fields, professionals, are invited to play on the Internet in order to solve some urban questions that should have been solved years ago.
More recent, Michael Pawlyn is designing structures in the middle of the African deserts to make them green again by studying how insects collect water in one of the driest places on earth [25].
A few months ago I came across the site ‘Play the city’ [31] were people, specialized in all kind of fields, professionals, are invited to play on the Internet in order to solve some urban questions that should have been solved years ago.
Online since: May 2025
Authors: Rime El Harrouni, Najoua Eraza, El Hassan Sebbar, Majid Mansour, Amine Hajji, Najma Laaroussi
The fundamental physical and mechanical properties of the stones, including their density, water absorption capacity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus, were evaluated by the writers through laboratory tests.
The study assessed the mechanical and physical properties, such as porosity and water absorption, before and after exposure to simulated climate conditions.
The study investigated how salt contamination affected the physical properties of the stones, such as compressive strength and water absorption capacity.
The authors evaluate the thermal conductivity, water absorption capacity, and compressive strength, of the bricks to assess their suitability for use in building construction to reduce environmental impacts and achieve sustainable development goals.
Overall, it provided valuable insights for researchers and professionals involved in historic building retrofitting and energy efficiency assessments[16].
The study assessed the mechanical and physical properties, such as porosity and water absorption, before and after exposure to simulated climate conditions.
The study investigated how salt contamination affected the physical properties of the stones, such as compressive strength and water absorption capacity.
The authors evaluate the thermal conductivity, water absorption capacity, and compressive strength, of the bricks to assess their suitability for use in building construction to reduce environmental impacts and achieve sustainable development goals.
Overall, it provided valuable insights for researchers and professionals involved in historic building retrofitting and energy efficiency assessments[16].
Online since: May 2020
Authors: Yan Jiao Zhang, Meng Chi Huang, Li Ping Ma, Shi Wei Ren
The basic performance of products and the accessory performance shall meet the requirements of the current relevant national or professional standards.
Water consumption is divided into two types, one is nominal water consumption which refers to the nominal volume of water used by the product, and the other is the actual water consumption which refers to the measured average water consumption by the product.
In this paper, water consumption refers to the nominal water consumption.
Water shortage and water pollution are worldwide environment problems, and the water crisis has severely restricted human sustainable development.
Fresh water consumption refers to the amount of water from various water sources that the enterprise needs in the production of unit product.
Water consumption is divided into two types, one is nominal water consumption which refers to the nominal volume of water used by the product, and the other is the actual water consumption which refers to the measured average water consumption by the product.
In this paper, water consumption refers to the nominal water consumption.
Water shortage and water pollution are worldwide environment problems, and the water crisis has severely restricted human sustainable development.
Fresh water consumption refers to the amount of water from various water sources that the enterprise needs in the production of unit product.
Online since: February 2026
Authors: Omata David Omakoji, Gil Christ Zinsou, Afefa Mireille Akoumany
Approximately 40% of planned low-emission hydrogen projects are in water-stressed regions, prompting developers to explore desalination and wastewater recycling to ensure a sufficient water supply [1,3].
Green hydrogen is produced solely through water electrolysis, which splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity from a renewable energy source.
Figure 6 presents the cost trends of alkaline water electrolyzers in Europe.
Cost of alkaline water electrolyzer in Europe.
Workshops and training sessions are designed to equip Nigerian professionals with the skills necessary for the hydrogen sector.
Green hydrogen is produced solely through water electrolysis, which splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity from a renewable energy source.
Figure 6 presents the cost trends of alkaline water electrolyzers in Europe.
Cost of alkaline water electrolyzer in Europe.
Workshops and training sessions are designed to equip Nigerian professionals with the skills necessary for the hydrogen sector.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Vilma Ducman, Breda Mirtič
As highly porous material it can absorb water and release it slowly into the soil.
Gas formation can be achieved via expulsion of hydration water from clay minerals or via decomposition or reduction of inorganic salts and oxides.
Granules were shaped by adding a controlled amount of water in order to achieve the consistency needed for shaping.
[2] Clarke, J.L., Structural lightweight aggregate concrete, Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 1993
Gas formation can be achieved via expulsion of hydration water from clay minerals or via decomposition or reduction of inorganic salts and oxides.
Granules were shaped by adding a controlled amount of water in order to achieve the consistency needed for shaping.
[2] Clarke, J.L., Structural lightweight aggregate concrete, Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, London, UK, 1993
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Sheng Bao Wang, Jun Feng Su
., (Tianjin, China).
2.2 Fabrication of microPCMs/epoxy composites
The encapsulation was carried out in a 500 ml three-neck round-bottomed flask. 3.0 g SMA and 0.8 g NaOH were dissolved in 100 ml water (50 °C).
Then dropped the emulsion in the bottle dipped in steady temperature flume and stirred at a speed of 1500 r·min-1, and dropped 25 g mixture of prepolymer (12.8 g) and deionized water at a rate of 0.25 g·min-1.
The resultant microcapsules were filtered and washed with water and dried in a vacuum oven.
The method to evaluate the encapsulated ratio (E) is by Eq.1, (1) Where is the calculated heat fusion of microPCMs by DSC, the latent heat of fusion of PCM, is the total weight of PCM in emulsion. is the value of microPC- Ms, calculated through the integral of the curves area by software Origin 8.0 Professional. 2.5 TGA measurement Ten micrograms of the dried microPCMs sample was tested with a heating rate of 5 °C·min-1 and nitrogen (N2) as the purging and protective gas.
Then dropped the emulsion in the bottle dipped in steady temperature flume and stirred at a speed of 1500 r·min-1, and dropped 25 g mixture of prepolymer (12.8 g) and deionized water at a rate of 0.25 g·min-1.
The resultant microcapsules were filtered and washed with water and dried in a vacuum oven.
The method to evaluate the encapsulated ratio (E) is by Eq.1, (1) Where is the calculated heat fusion of microPCMs by DSC, the latent heat of fusion of PCM, is the total weight of PCM in emulsion. is the value of microPC- Ms, calculated through the integral of the curves area by software Origin 8.0 Professional. 2.5 TGA measurement Ten micrograms of the dried microPCMs sample was tested with a heating rate of 5 °C·min-1 and nitrogen (N2) as the purging and protective gas.