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Online since: December 2014
Authors: Maria Campos Romero, Sandro Fábio César, Rita Dione Araújo Cunha
The study of the techniques used in Bahia and the NTE E.080: 2000 Norm from Peru
In this study there was hold a data survey through a local study that was done in edifications with adobe brick and that were executed by professional – or nonprofessional – construction workers in four cities from the State of Bahia – Brazil.
After crushing the mixture of soil and water, rest it for 24 hours.
After crushing the mixture of soil and water there was not a rest of the mortar.
After crushing the mixture of soil and water there was not a rest of the mortar.
This latex was also used as a water repellent material in masonries of Camaçari House (construction worker “C”), and it had turned the walls more repellent to water and the walls had even become more durable.
After crushing the mixture of soil and water, rest it for 24 hours.
After crushing the mixture of soil and water there was not a rest of the mortar.
After crushing the mixture of soil and water there was not a rest of the mortar.
This latex was also used as a water repellent material in masonries of Camaçari House (construction worker “C”), and it had turned the walls more repellent to water and the walls had even become more durable.
Online since: August 2025
Authors: Vaibhav Jain, Naveen Solanki, Kunal Singh, Dheeraj Joshi, Diptanshu Chowdhury
This study focuses on the energy and exergy analysis of a IMS-VCRS in a water-cooled centrifugal chiller using four distinct refrigerants.
Thus, R513a and R515a are azeotropic mixtures with low GWP and good thermodynamic properties, used as a substitute for R134a in a water-cooled centrifugal chiller [2,3].
A highly superheated vapor then enters the condenser, utilizing a water-cooled system to release heat into the water following the second-law of thermodynamics.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the IMS-VCRS is an energy-efficient cooling system that can be applied to a water-cooled centrifugal chiller to achieve better performance.
Engineering Equation Solver, Professional Version 10.561, F-Chart Software, Madison, WI 53744
Thus, R513a and R515a are azeotropic mixtures with low GWP and good thermodynamic properties, used as a substitute for R134a in a water-cooled centrifugal chiller [2,3].
A highly superheated vapor then enters the condenser, utilizing a water-cooled system to release heat into the water following the second-law of thermodynamics.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the IMS-VCRS is an energy-efficient cooling system that can be applied to a water-cooled centrifugal chiller to achieve better performance.
Engineering Equation Solver, Professional Version 10.561, F-Chart Software, Madison, WI 53744
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Mingyao Yu, Suo Zhong Chen, Chu Yu Chen
The groundwater in Jinjiang includes interstitial water in loose rock, pore-fissure water in weathering zone, and bedrock fissure water [6].
Shallow groundwater refers to the phreatic water and the feeble confined water that are 20-50 meters underground [7].
[3] Water Resources Department of Ministry of Water Resource of the PRC.
Water Resources Protection, 2010, 26(4): 26-29
Advances in Water Science, 1999, 10(1): 37-41.
Shallow groundwater refers to the phreatic water and the feeble confined water that are 20-50 meters underground [7].
[3] Water Resources Department of Ministry of Water Resource of the PRC.
Water Resources Protection, 2010, 26(4): 26-29
Advances in Water Science, 1999, 10(1): 37-41.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Yan Xu, Jun Min Zhang, Shu Fei Chen
In this paper, by citing an example of the southern settlements in Jinan, combined with the factors of its geographical location, natural surroundings and geological conditions, we’ll talk about the motives for “Stub-End Type” Spatial Development and relevant solutions and means from a professional point of view to have healthy and harmonious development of Stub-End Type Residential Area.
Among the city, discharging flood in 110 square kilometers in the southern mountainous area mainly flowed into Hero Mountain Road, Shun Geng Road and Second Ring Road and other city roads, with high velocity and ferocity, the water flowed in same sections with the maximum flow rate of the 3 ~ 4 m • s-1[1], which caused flood similar to torrent in the street.
The design for straight of north-south road and man-made drainage channel blocking made the road less ability to discharge flood, which caused flooding water in urban area seriously.
In the process of constructing the current roads, building houses and smoothing the ground and other projects, we should increase the coverage of green area, improve the permeability of the ground to reduce the coefficient of runoff, all of which would successfully allow no water flowing on the ground after rainstorms.
In addition, in the southern “Stub-End Type” Settlements , we should plan to construct the drainage systems district by district and set the spillway; constructing the dams or reservoirs chains around the deeper ditch for discharging near the residential region, implementing control layer by layer and storing water section by section, examining the rainwater drainage system and sewage pipes to make sure that rain and sewage diversions are in good condition.
Among the city, discharging flood in 110 square kilometers in the southern mountainous area mainly flowed into Hero Mountain Road, Shun Geng Road and Second Ring Road and other city roads, with high velocity and ferocity, the water flowed in same sections with the maximum flow rate of the 3 ~ 4 m • s-1[1], which caused flood similar to torrent in the street.
The design for straight of north-south road and man-made drainage channel blocking made the road less ability to discharge flood, which caused flooding water in urban area seriously.
In the process of constructing the current roads, building houses and smoothing the ground and other projects, we should increase the coverage of green area, improve the permeability of the ground to reduce the coefficient of runoff, all of which would successfully allow no water flowing on the ground after rainstorms.
In addition, in the southern “Stub-End Type” Settlements , we should plan to construct the drainage systems district by district and set the spillway; constructing the dams or reservoirs chains around the deeper ditch for discharging near the residential region, implementing control layer by layer and storing water section by section, examining the rainwater drainage system and sewage pipes to make sure that rain and sewage diversions are in good condition.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Hui Yan Wang, Xiao Jing Liu, Jin Sheng Li, Chun Ping Liu, Ji Yi Jiang
Secondly, the unreasonable structure of water supply, low efficiency of unconventional water’s (recycled water) and seawater intrusion, made the frequency and extent of the drought intensified in recent years.
In addition, because of the South Fort zone, Jidong Oilfield and marine aquaculture industry pollution, the coastal water environment is very bad. 4)Sea water invasion risks.
The long-term over-exploitation of underground water destroys the balance between fresh water and sea water, causing sea water or high salinity water invasion.
At the meanwhile, with the influence of the tide, sea water dates back to the low-lying inland areas along with the water at the Luan River system.
Main countermeasures: to establish monitoring and forecasting system; to establish flood and drought warning system and evaluation system; to raise the standard of urban flood control and drainage, and to ensure the quality of flood projects. 4)Sea water intrusion countermeasures Main countermeasures: to find more fresh water resources, to control groundwater exploitation strictly, to make the comprehensive utilization of water resources; to enhance groundwater recharge, and build water curtain, to take active measures to control the sea water intrusion; to conduct water quality monitoring and forecasting, and to do water reserves surveys.
In addition, because of the South Fort zone, Jidong Oilfield and marine aquaculture industry pollution, the coastal water environment is very bad. 4)Sea water invasion risks.
The long-term over-exploitation of underground water destroys the balance between fresh water and sea water, causing sea water or high salinity water invasion.
At the meanwhile, with the influence of the tide, sea water dates back to the low-lying inland areas along with the water at the Luan River system.
Main countermeasures: to establish monitoring and forecasting system; to establish flood and drought warning system and evaluation system; to raise the standard of urban flood control and drainage, and to ensure the quality of flood projects. 4)Sea water intrusion countermeasures Main countermeasures: to find more fresh water resources, to control groundwater exploitation strictly, to make the comprehensive utilization of water resources; to enhance groundwater recharge, and build water curtain, to take active measures to control the sea water intrusion; to conduct water quality monitoring and forecasting, and to do water reserves surveys.
Online since: November 2012
Authors: Qing Guo
Water paint limousine technology.
Furthermore, water saving problem of pretreatment technology shall be concerned.
Generally water consumption occupies the largest, around 90% of total water consumption in painting workshop.
In order to save water resource, reduce sewage discharge throughput and achieve the same washing cleanness, water consumption shall be as small as possible.
Acknowledgements Supported by the Second National Characteristic Professional Construction Project (TS2479) References [1] Wang Dao-zhang .
Furthermore, water saving problem of pretreatment technology shall be concerned.
Generally water consumption occupies the largest, around 90% of total water consumption in painting workshop.
In order to save water resource, reduce sewage discharge throughput and achieve the same washing cleanness, water consumption shall be as small as possible.
Acknowledgements Supported by the Second National Characteristic Professional Construction Project (TS2479) References [1] Wang Dao-zhang .
Online since: April 2018
Authors: Jiang Quan, Yi Liu, Shi Wei Ren, Chun Zhi Zhao
Control items follow the minimum requirements of current national or professional standards and prohibit the use of the backward raw materials or production processes that have more adverse impact on product quality or environment.
The mixer vehicle is driven to the side of vehicle-washing pool, the tank's inner side of mixer vehicle is cleaned with circulating water of mixing plant.
As a comprehensive technology property, workability includes the contents in three aspects of flowability, water retention and cohesiveness; it depends on, to some extent, cement type, sand ratio of aggregate, water-cement ratio and the like, thus the testing for it can be carried out in the following aspects:(1) If the water-cement ratio is excessive low, the cement content may be properly increased to improve the consistency of cement paste; in the contrary case, if the water-cement ratio is excessive high, the flowability of cement paste would be enhanced and slurry may flow from mixture to further influence the concrete strength.
The most reasonable sand ratio in concrete mixing shall ensure the mixture flowability and also avoid the segregation phenomenon. [7] (3) Different types of cement require different water contents to reach the standard consistency, therefore, the type of cement also has enormous influence on concrete workability. (4) If both the water content and cement content are fixed, the workability of concrete may be improved by adding suitable admixture to improve the construction effect.
The water in most of mixing plants is tap water of groundwater by abstraction, therefore, the water consumption source can be changed by rainwater collection and water saving can be realized by building and using water reservoir and ditch to collect natural water and partial groundwater as well as using the above water in production of concrete and cleaning process of equipment.
The mixer vehicle is driven to the side of vehicle-washing pool, the tank's inner side of mixer vehicle is cleaned with circulating water of mixing plant.
As a comprehensive technology property, workability includes the contents in three aspects of flowability, water retention and cohesiveness; it depends on, to some extent, cement type, sand ratio of aggregate, water-cement ratio and the like, thus the testing for it can be carried out in the following aspects:(1) If the water-cement ratio is excessive low, the cement content may be properly increased to improve the consistency of cement paste; in the contrary case, if the water-cement ratio is excessive high, the flowability of cement paste would be enhanced and slurry may flow from mixture to further influence the concrete strength.
The most reasonable sand ratio in concrete mixing shall ensure the mixture flowability and also avoid the segregation phenomenon. [7] (3) Different types of cement require different water contents to reach the standard consistency, therefore, the type of cement also has enormous influence on concrete workability. (4) If both the water content and cement content are fixed, the workability of concrete may be improved by adding suitable admixture to improve the construction effect.
The water in most of mixing plants is tap water of groundwater by abstraction, therefore, the water consumption source can be changed by rainwater collection and water saving can be realized by building and using water reservoir and ditch to collect natural water and partial groundwater as well as using the above water in production of concrete and cleaning process of equipment.
Online since: April 2016
Authors: Dariusz Mikielewicz, Michał Bajor, Elżbieta Żmuda, Jan Wajs
Very seldom in the case of professional power plants another way of management of large rates of heat recovered in the power plant is considered.
The precondition of the study was to use the waste heat available in the power plant in the form of a stream of hot water at 90°C.
That state has been assumed to be at the temperature 5K below the temperature of the stream of hot water, i.e.
In such way the lower temperatures of feed water in the reference cycle are seen.
As mentioned earlier, in the study considered is for utilization the rate of hot water having temperature of =90oC in the amount of 200MWt.
The precondition of the study was to use the waste heat available in the power plant in the form of a stream of hot water at 90°C.
That state has been assumed to be at the temperature 5K below the temperature of the stream of hot water, i.e.
In such way the lower temperatures of feed water in the reference cycle are seen.
As mentioned earlier, in the study considered is for utilization the rate of hot water having temperature of =90oC in the amount of 200MWt.
Online since: March 2022
Authors: B.A. Solahuddin
Cement, sand, aggregate, water and reinforcing bar are the materials in reinforced concrete, while a mixture without reinforcing bar is known as concrete.
Hence, various professional fields such as construction, irrigation work and architecture have applied the usage of SFRC.
The size of the concrete cubes was 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm and cured with water curing at 7 and 28 days.
The compressive and flexural strengths were conducted at 7 and 28 days with water curing.
Compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength tests were conducted at 7, 14 and 28 days with water curing.
Hence, various professional fields such as construction, irrigation work and architecture have applied the usage of SFRC.
The size of the concrete cubes was 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm and cured with water curing at 7 and 28 days.
The compressive and flexural strengths were conducted at 7 and 28 days with water curing.
Compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength tests were conducted at 7, 14 and 28 days with water curing.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Hui Zhang, Yi Hu Zhang
(4)Drainage measures of domestic water and construction wastewater.
Use insulated copper tubular busbar instead of insulated copper rectangular bus; actively popularize metal halide lamp with high luminous efficiency and long life; popularize T8 or T5 tube lighting of thin type (≤26mm); use energy saving transformers. 4)Measures of saving water and the use of water (1)Set up rain gathering and treatment system on the construction site to make full use of underground water and rain and save water
(2)Water saving measures for the use of concrete mixing water and maintenance water
(3)Water use of concrete mixing stands, washing vehicles and cleaning roads and areas
(4)Consider water saving system and recycling of domestic water when constructing living facility. 5)Measures of saving land and construction land protection (1)The general layout.
Use insulated copper tubular busbar instead of insulated copper rectangular bus; actively popularize metal halide lamp with high luminous efficiency and long life; popularize T8 or T5 tube lighting of thin type (≤26mm); use energy saving transformers. 4)Measures of saving water and the use of water (1)Set up rain gathering and treatment system on the construction site to make full use of underground water and rain and save water
(2)Water saving measures for the use of concrete mixing water and maintenance water
(3)Water use of concrete mixing stands, washing vehicles and cleaning roads and areas
(4)Consider water saving system and recycling of domestic water when constructing living facility. 5)Measures of saving land and construction land protection (1)The general layout.