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On the other hand, idealized brittle fracture defined in the framework of linear-elastic fracture mechanics does not strictly represent a precise, physical fracture mode in engineering materials, since most materials sustain a certain amount of plastic deformation before fracture takes place.
In addition, linear-elastic materials recover to their original, un-deformed, and hence un-damaged configurations upon unloading.
Acknowledgements This research was sponsored by Chinese Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 50808098), Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City (Grant No. 2010A610082) and Science Foundation of Ningbo University.
Wang: submitted to Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University (2007).
Wang: submitted to Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures (2010)

The revenue of AEWSC is from recycling materials and remanufacturable engines.
It is assumed that an engine is composed of five modules and each module includes three materials.
Liu: Science of science and management of S,&.T.
Sahin: European Journal of Operational Research.
Liu: Modular Machine Tool & Automatic Manufacturing Technique.Iss. 2(2009),p.8-11 [9] Y.Q.Zheng: Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Social Science Edition).Vol.8(2006),p.186-187 [10] X.Y.Bao, Y.

The mechanical properties of the materials are listed in table 2.
Material science 38(2014)55-60
Sarcar on Tribological properties of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AA7075 Reinforced with Titanium Carbide (TiC) Particles), International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.88 (2016), pp.13-26
International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 2014 1:12
Bhagya Shekar on Studies on Al6061-SiC and Al7075-Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composites Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.1, pp.43-55, 2010.

There are mainly two model materials, soil slope and concrete lattice terrier.
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Introduction High nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel is a new frontier material in material science at present.
Such materials are usually used as important structural materials with high corrosion resistance (especially with excellent corrosion resistance to marine environment) [6].
Najafizadeh, Influence of nitrogen alloying on properties of Fe-18Cr-12Mn-XN austenitic stainless steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 588 (2013) 43-48
Regully, et al, Impact toughness properties of nickel-free austenitic stainless steels, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 496 (2008) 189-199
Sheng, et al, Influence of hot working on microstructure and mechanical behavior of high nitrogen stainless steel, Journal of Materials Science. 46 (2011) 5097-5103

Amyotte, I2SI: a comprehensive quantitative tool for inherent safety and cost evaluation, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 15, (2005) 279–289 (Elsevier Science Ltd
Journal of Hazardous Materials 182, (2010) pp. 394-402
Omega, the International Journal of Management Science, 35, (2007) pp. 384-388
Safety Science, 50, (2012) pp. 228-239
Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, (2008) pp. 62-63

Reverse logistics networks designed by previous literatures did not consider the reuse of recyclable materials and environmentally friendly processing of hazardous substances.
Decision variables: Xj: 1,if sorting center is opened at location j,0,otherwise; Yk: 1,if recycling plant is opened at location k,0,otherwise; Zp: 1,if harmless processing center is opened at location p,0,otherwise; xij: quantity of solid wastes shipped from recycle bin i to sorting center j; xjk: quantity of recyclable materials shipped from sorting center j to recycling plant k; xjl: quantity of solid wastes shipped from sorting center j to incineration plant l; xjm: quantity of solid wastes shipped from sorting center j to landfill m; xjn: quantity of solid wastes shipped from sorting center j to composting site n; xjp: quantity of injurant shipped from sorting center j to harmless processing center p; xkm: quantity of solid wastes shipped from recycling plant k to landfill m; xkr: quantity of useful materials shipped from recycling plant k to factory r; xlm: quantity of solid wastes shipped from incineration plant l to landfill m.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences under Grant 09YJC630152, Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission under Grant 13YZ138 and the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Dianji University under Grant 10XK01.
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It has been reported that polymer nanoparticles are the responsive materials for drug delivery applications [4, 5].
For two spherical particles of the same size, Hamaker derived the following expression for the van der Waals attractive interaction, (1.2) AH is a constant known as the Hamaker constant whose value depends on the materials of the particles and the suspension medium.
Irfachsyad, Dennis Gunawan, Brownian Dynamics Simulation of Colloidal Gels as Matrix for Controlled Release Application, International Union of Materials Research Society – International Conference in Asia, Bali – Indonesia, Oct. 31 – Nov 2, 2018
Dhillon, “pH-Responsive Drug Release from Dependal-M Loaded Polyacrylamide Hydrogels”, Journal of Science: Advanced Material and Devices, vol. 2, pp. 45-50, 2017 [4] C.K.
In: Handbook of Materials Modeling, Yip S.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as base material.
Kamoun et al [3] prepared PVA hydrogel by mixing it with a polymer from natural such as starch, alginate, etc., in order to provide materials appropriate for wound healing.
Materials and Method 2.1 Materials Polyvinyl alcohol ; PVA (97.5-99.5% hydrolyzed) was purchased from Fluka Co., Ltd.
The Infrared Spectroscopy technique was used to evaluate the chemical composition of the raw materials and to study the establishment of possible interactions between the compounds.
Peppas, Cellular PVA hydrogels produced by freeze/thawing, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2000, pp. 2075–2079.

Nearly fully dense materials can be prepared from 1050°C (τ = 99.7 %).
Strength and toughness of hot pressed materials The mechanical properties were investigated on dense hot pressed pellets of β TCP.
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