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Measurement of structure and morphology.
The images reveal a chaotic and disorderly nanosheets structure within a few nanometers thick.
The XRD confirmed the cubic structure NiO without impurity was synthesized.
Zhu, et al, Empirical analysis of the contributions of mesopores and micropores to the double-layer capacitance of carbons, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(2009) 19335-19343
Shape-controlled synthesis of porous Co3O4 nanostructures for application in supercapacitors, Journal of Materials Chemistry. 20(2010) 7015-7020

The nature of coal, particle size of coal, feed rate, plasma power and the device structure affecting on the coking are discussed in the paper.
As the experimental reactor structure is the water-cooled wall, the bonding soft coal occurs solidify, then occurs coking on the wall.
Device Structure.
(4) The plasma power and device structure have certain impact of coking.
[2] Yongkang Lv, Yuanyu Tian, Kechang Xie, Impact of size to pyrolysis of acetylene in each plasma, fuel chemistry, 2002,30 (2) :183-187(in Chinese)

Polymers containing different π conjugations in the backbone of their structure have evolved significantly, as they represent the delocalization or movement of electrons.
In Fig. 4(a), granulated structures with sizes ranging from less than ~ 15 to a maximum of 200 nm were observed in PANI.
The aggregated structures in PtO2, which are not compactly packed, lead to an increase in the interstitial distance in the composite.
The presence of PtO2 was confirmed using p-XRD analysis, which showed no change in the structure of platinum oxide in the composites.
Han et al., “Novel π-conjugated polymer based on an extended thienoquinoid,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 319-323, (2018)

INTRODUCTION Aurivillius phase has been intensively studied for fatigue-free random access memories because of high anisotropic dielectric property originating from their layered perovskite structure [1,2].
Although synchrotron radiation and neutron diffraction study are powerful tools for structure analysis, the analysis of the rare earth substituted SBT is very difficult because of complicated cation disorder state and existence of vacavcies in SBT [4].
In this study, we using this single analytical method, the structure of perovskite-blocks can be determined easily by analyzing the composition of the acid-treated products without the bismuth oxide interlayer.
The completion of the reaction and the structure of the products were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction.
Intensity / a.c. 10 20 30 40 50 60 SrBi2Ta2O9 acid-treated SrBi2Ta2O9 Fig. 5 Crystal structure of SLBT calcined at high temperature.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Visible Light Active SnO2-SnS2 Nanocomposite Photocatalyst for the Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water Jing Li1,a, Xihua Du1,b, Weimin Dai2,c and Yongcai Zhang2,d 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Institute of Technology, Xuzhou 221111, China 2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002,China Email: aljshan@xzit.edu.cn, bdxh@xzit.edu.cn, c1542826474@qq.com, dzhangyc@yzu.edu.cn Keywords: Nanocomposite; Photocatalysis; Reduction of Cr(VI) Abstract.
The composition, structure and optical property of the as-synthesized SnO2-SnS2 nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and its photocatalytic activity was tested by the reduction of Cr(VI) in water under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation.
Because SnO2 and SnS2 have matched band potentials (i.e., both the valence band and conduction band potentials of SnS2 are more negative than those of SnO2 [10], which allows the photoinduced electron transfer from the conduction band of SnS2 to the conduction band of SnO2 under visible light irradiation, thus enhancing the separation of photoinduced charge carriers in SnS2 and bringing about the sensitization of SnO2), SnO2-SnS2 composite with a suitable composition and structure is expected to be a high performance visible light active photocatalyst for the reduction of Cr(VI) in water.
The composition, structure and optical property of the as-synthesized SnO2-SnS2 nanocomposite are characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and its photocatalytic activity is tested by the reduction of Cr(VI) in water under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation.
Moreover, the smaller-sized SnO2 nanoparticles are attached to the larger-sized SnS2 nanoflakes, forming a heterojunction structure.

Better results can be obtained by chemical synthesis because the powder retains its homogeneity on the atomic scale and may be calcined at low temperatures, yielding fine particulate oxides whose chemistry can be precisely controlled.
The spinel structure, with a space group of Fd3m symmetry, has the general formula AB2O4, where A represents cations in tetrahedral sites and B represents cations and octahedral positions [2].
Several investigations of the characteristics of NiAl2O4, such as its structure and its catalytic, electrical and magnetic properties, have been reported in the literature [17- 22].
The proportions of the initial reagents were calculated based on the total valences of the reacting elements in order to supply the ratio [oxidizer (N) / fuel (U)] = 1 to release the maximum energy for the reaction, following the concepts of propellant chemistry [23]; a pre-established stoichiometric ratio of metallic ions was used to form the desired phase.
Results and Discussion The XRD patterns of powdered NiAl2O4 prepared by the Pechini method (MP) and by combustion reaction (RC) showed a single-phase cubic spinel structure of NiAl2O4 phase.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(μ-biphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylato)manganese(II)] GuangYin Wang Department of Chemistry, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China Email: wgy_sddz@163.com Key words: Hydrothermal synthesis; Coordination polymer; Crystal structure Abstract：Hydrothermal reactions of biphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate acid (H2bpda) with Manganese(II) chloride gave rise to one new coordination polymer, namely, [Mn(bpda)]n.
Here, the crystal structure of the title compound was reported. 2.
Structure determination Single crystal of the title complex suitable for X - ray analysis was selected directly from the above preparations.
Crystal data and a structure determination summary was listed in Table 1.
The one-dimensional rod structure of the title complex extending along c axis.

This process causes a fine grained structure formation in the thin layer on the surface of the part.
According nanoindentation in the layer of <1μm a small decrease in Young's modulus from 210 GPa to 190 GPa was observed that indicates change of structural and chemistry PST-1 surface state after laser irradiation.
The laser-induced appearance of point defects and dislocations or new oxides phases in combination with a fine structure in surface layer can lead to the hardening effect.
In the same time formation of fine grained structure and oxide phases in the surface layer under Nd:YAG laser treatment is a reasonable explanation for the resulting effect [5].
Zemchenkovs, Manufacturing of Cellular Structures of the Perforated Steel Tape, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of DAAAM Baltic Industrial Engineering, Otto T.

The structure characteristics of wool and the reason that wool has cool properties were introduced.
Wool has curly shape, structure of cortical layer and the cuticle layer which determine the wool has unique properties.
The surface of the wool is changed.The modified wool fiber surface is smooth, the diameter of the fiber becomes finer, but the body cortex structure is minimal damaged.
Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 47(1996), p.623 [4]R.
Peters: Textile Chemistry (Elsevier Publishing Company, London 1963) [5]W.D.

From the SEM image, the morphology of LSCM powder consists of a porous structure and slightly agglomerated sphere-shaped particles.
Nishibayashi, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 257 (2013) 2551-2564
Licht, Green Chemistry, 19 (2017) 298-304
Xia, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, (2020)
Irvine, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18 (2008) 2349-2354