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Resistance and time-variant reliability updating of existing bridge structures based on proof loads Dagang Lu1,a, Xueping Fan1,b, Dongfang Li1,c 1School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China aludagang@hit.edu.cn ,bfxp_2004@163.com, clidongfang0303@163.com Keywords: Proof loads, Existing structures, Structural resistance, Time-dependent reliability Abstract.
In actual engineering, proof loads are random and may be two or more loads’ combination [4].
Journal of Structural Engineering, 127(10): 1232-1235. (2001) [4] Q.
Central South Highway Engineering, 29(3):11-14. (2004) [6] A.L.
Dissertation for the Master Degree in Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology. (2010)

Global Journal of Engineering Research 8, (2010) 57-65
Al-Khaja, Potential Use of Carbide Lime Waste as an alternative material to conventional Hydrated Lime of Cement-Lime Mortars, Engineering Journal of Qatar University, 5, (1992) 57-67
[11] BS 1377 (1990) Methods of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes.
Hoel, Traffic and Highway Engineering.
A .Ola, The Geotechnical Properties of the Black Cotton Soils of Northeastern Nigeria, in: Ola, S.A (Ed), Tropical Soils of Nigeria in Engineering Practice, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands,1983,pp.85-101

Effects of Calcined Diatomite on Resistance to Permeability and Freeze-thaw of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) Yongqi Weia, Yunfang Mengb and Qinghe Sunc College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021,China awei_yongqi@hotmail.com, bmeng_yf@nxu.edu.cn, cqhsun@163.com Keywords: Calcined diatomite, RAC, Resistance to permeability, Freeze-thaw resistance.
It is these very shortages that limit its usage range in practical engineering, especially in water engineering construction in northwestern cold and arid area.
Therefore, relevant researchers, who borrow ideas of ameliorating natural aggregate concrete, performed a large amount of experimental studies: solving workability by adding superplasticizer or additional absorbed water[7] by RCA; preparing high strength recycled concrete whose compressive strength of 28d is more than 40 MPa by means of reducing water/cement ratio [7] and adding superplasticizer[7,9] or silicon fume [8]; enhancing its resistance to penetration and freeze-thaw through air-entraining agent [6], silicon fume [8] or fiber [10] .In spite of advantages of air-entraining agent, silicon fume and fiber in meliorating properties above of RCA, air-entraining agent only enhances the resistance to penetration and freeze-thaw of mortar matrix but does not contribute to the melioration of interface transition zone(ITZ) of RCA; silicon fume costs very much in improving ITZ; most high-quality fibers hold such high price that only used in special engineering.
The test of compressive strength and permeability was performed according to Water Engineering Concrete Standard DL/T5150-2001.
Ye: West-China Exploration Engineering.

The thermal conductivity of classical ceramic products does not allow the manufacture of structures with thermal resistance required by modern heat engineering standards.
Therefore, the main direction in the development of technologies for ceramic wall materials has become the optimization of their heat engineering metrics.
The thermal resistance of such structure along the smooth surface of the wall is at least 2.8 m2°C/W with thermal engineering uniformity of at least 0.98 (due to the presence of masonry joints).
Nikbakht, Incorporation of waste materials in the manufacture of masonry, Journal of Building Engineering. 21 (2019) 37-54.
Drossou, Fired ceramics 100% from lignite fly ash waste glass cullet mixtures, Journal of Building Engineering. 14 (2017) 1–6.

Roman, Mechanical performance of textile-reinforced hoses assessed by a truss-based unit cell model, International Journal of Engineering Science. 141 (2019) 47–66.
Fabianova, Failure analysis of irreversible changes in the construction of the damaged rubber hoses, Engineering Failure Analysis. 58 (2015) 31–43.
Cho, Anisotropic Large Deformation and Fatigue Damage of Rubber-fabric Braid Layered Composite Hose, Procedia Engineering. 173 (2017) 1169–1176.
Chebotaryova, Improving the Fire-Retardant Properties of Cotton-Containing Textile Materials through the Use of Organo-Inorganic SiO2 Sols, Key Engineering Materials. 927 (2022) 63–68.
Demianyshyn, Influence of the artificial defect on the flexible pipeline twist angle, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 114 (2022) 58–68.

Introduction Composite materials have received increasing attention in the current era as a basic engineering material, because of its excellent properties, and its success has emerged in many specialties and uses, like: (medical industries, military and civil industries, furniture industry, toys), and in our daily life.
These properties made the composite materials to be the source of attraction for investors and engineers in various industrial branches [2-4].
Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (2018) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/433/1/012071
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments
Ali, “Effect Of Reinforced by Coconut Fiber Core on The Mechanical Properties for Un-Saturated Polyester Matrix Composite”, Material, Engineering and Technology Journal, Vol. 31.

Immediate and Long-Term Deflection of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Concrete Beams Ehsan Ahmeda and Habibur Rahman Sobuzb Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia aaehsan@feng.unimas.my, bhabibkuet@yahoo.com Keywords: Beams, CFRP, Sustained loading, Deflection, Structural performance, FRP ratio.
Engineering., Prague, 1982, 519-526
Bloxham: Structural Engineering, Part A, 65 (2), 1987, 59-68
Ehsani: Journal of Structural Engineering, pp.3434-3455, 1991
Shrinkage, Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, vol.1, 2001, pp. 15-37

Effectivity of the Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer in Strengthening of RC-Beams RUDY Djamaluddin1,a*, FAKHRUDDIN1,b, IMRAN Aiman1,c and ROSSY Timur Wahyuningsih 2,d 1Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia 2Faculty of Engineering, University of Muhammadiyah, Makassar, Indonesia arudy0011@gmail.com, bfakhruddin@unhas.ac.id and fakhrud.civil05@gmail.com, cimranaiman03@gmail.com, drossytimurwahyuningsih@gmail.com Keywords: Reinforced concrete beam, FRP, laminate, strengthening.
J. of Civil Engineering and Technology (2018) Vo.9, No.12, 850-860
Irmawaty, Relationship Model of the Moment Capacity of GFRP Sheet Strengthened RC Beams to the Duration of Sea Water Exposure, (2017) In: Procedia Engineering.
Djamaluddin R, W.Tjaronge W, H.Parung, Flexural capacity of concrete beams strengthened using GFRP sheet after seawater immersion (2015), In: Procedia Engineering Elsevier Ltd, 644–9
Djamaluddin, R.Irmawaty, ATata, Flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams strengthened using GFRP sheet after fatigue loading for sustainable construction (2016), In: Key Engineering Materials.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 708 (2019) 012065
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 960 (2020) 032037
Engineering Structures. 270 (2022) 114858
Journal of Building Engineering. 95 (2024) 110127
Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. 16 (2023) 100544

Introduction The phenomenon of “shear lag” in the conventional Prestressed Concrete (PC) box girder bridge subjected to bending moment, i.e. the non-uniformity of the transverse distribution of the longitudinal normal stresses on slabs’ section resulted from the in-plane shear deformations, had attracted much attention and been researched thoroughly, and also the concept of effective flange width was introduced to the engineering practices1.
In all, the current understandings on the shear lag effect of the PC box girder with corrugated steel webs are still not clear enough to reach some practicable guidelines for engineering design.
The effective flange width coefficient is a practical evaluation of the shear lag effect in engineering design6.
Journal of Bridge Engineering 9(2): 178-184
China Civil Engineering Journal 37(9): 31-36