Search results

One element in the cellular automata model represents one grain.
The alive cell models a grain which does not contain a large foreign particle (inclusion).
One cell represents one grain.
The average size of the grain is 10 µm.
The number of the failed inclusions is a function of an effective plastic strain and such a relation was established experimentally.

The grain size and chemical compositions of the raw material are investigated.
The grain size composition of ash from Tomsk ash-disposal area is detected by the air-dried raw material sieve residues.
The lesser water amount is absorbed the larger number of freeze-thaw cycles the product sustains.
Colloidal adhesive forces are observed at the increase of microdisperse particle growth (> 3 μm) in the original material, the number of which increases in dispersed non-fuel ashes.
Velosa, Spent brewery grains for improvement of thermal insulation of ceramic bricks, J.

It was found that increased deformation leads to a strong increase of quantity of high angle (>15°) grain boundaries and strong grain refinement (down to 200-300nm).
A number of publications in the literature concerns the analysis of microstructure development and texture as well as their effect on mechanical properties of metals and alloys [2-6].
Further deformation resulted in the appearance of strongly refined grains accompanied by a significant contribution of equiaxial sub-grains, whose thickness was 200-300 nm, Fig. 1c.
The analysis of material after 9 passes showed that the increase of cycle number did not effect in further refinement of the structure.
For low deformation degrees, the grains of misorientation angle above 15o are mostly formed from the primary grains.

The LM micrographs of ARB samples in Fig. 3 show gradual grain flattening with increasing number of ARB cycles.
Slip lines in individual grains and slip bands going through several grains can be distinguished at low strains.
Subgrain formation due to dynamic dislocation recovery does not occur during the 1st cycle but it becomes more intensive with increasing number of ARB cycles.
High angle boundaries are observed also in ND and their fraction increases with increasing number of cycles.
The grain size is much smaller in ND than in RD and TD.

In FSP, the material undergoes intense plastic deformation, yielding a dynamically recrystallized fine grain structure.
Recent studies showed that refining the grains of magnesium leads to significant enhancement in its formability [12, 13].
Changing the number of hidden layer and/or the number of neurons per hidden layer may alter the predictions obtained, different runs where performed with different transfer functions, number of layers and number of neurons in the hidden layer.
A maximum number of 1000 training epochs was maintained for all runs.
At higher rotational speed more frictional heat is produced, which means more grain growth and as a result less hardness.

It is obviously found that a lot of Goss grains forms through thickness, and some Goss grains possess size advantage compared with γ and other grains.
Therefore, Goss can become stronger and remains the dominant texture after considerable grain growth by consuming surrounding small grains.
The advantage both in number and size depends on abundant preferred nucleation sites and efficient grain growth.
Since shear bands contribute most nucleation sites for Goss grains, a high density and intensity of shear bands can give enormous number of nuclei.
The η grains have an evident advantage both in size and number, benefiting from the shear bands with appropriate intensity and density.

The grain boundary activation energy of the samples decreases with increase in sintering temperature due to enhancement in grain contacts.
Most studies on LSP reported on their phase transition phenomenon while limited numbers reported on their conductivity behaviour.
The total conductivity of samples (not shown) is similar to the grain boundary conductivity due to the domination of grain boundary effects.
The grain boundary resistance decreases with increase in conductivity.
The sample sintered at 700 °C exhibits grains of different sizes which may be due to creation of larger number of nucleation centres.

At two deformation temperatures, grains were refined at more or less similar size reduction rate as a function of number of passes.
This results in a steady-state in the grain-size refinement at very high strain values.
Annealing of billets resulted in a grain size of about 80 µm (called the ‘reference’ sample).
(c) Variation of YS with number of ECAP passes.
This could be the strain beyond which grains started rotating during the ECAP processing.

The formation mechanism and evolution of liquid pools entrapped within solid grains have been investigated during partial remelting of in-situ Mg2Si/AM60B composite with fine-grains during partial remelting.
Many investigators have studied the microstructural evolution during partial remelting and found that large numbers of small liquid pools is formed within primary particles [9,10].
The added Sr and SiCp aimed to modify Mg2Si phase and refine primary α-Mg grains.
These inclusions (marked by D in Fig. 2(a)) distributed within the grain.
A large number of smaller liquid pools were appeared (marked by E in Fig. 2(b)), and these liquid pools formed from the residual eutectic phases within the grain or the decomposed eutectic β phases.

The number and the average misorientation of the directional boundaries tend to increase with strain, leading to the subdivision of original coarse grains into different orientation regions and, finally, to the development of fine equiaxed grains at high strains.
The alloy had a grain size of ~80 mm.
As a result, most of crystallites being true grains are entirely delimited by HAGBs.
A further temperature increase leads to the formation of a mixed structure; coarse (sub)grains alternate with grains (Fig. 1e, 1f).
At 375°C, the mobility of LAGBs is so high that only a limited number of grains having an equiaxed shape form.