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One practical factor often underestimated is the possibility of thermally-induced bone necrosis at the drill site.
The mechanical properties of the cortical and cancellous bones used in finite element analysis are provided by Sawbones and summarized in Table 1.The region on the outer surface of bone, i.e., the surface at radius 4 mm, is assumed to be fixed during the simulation.
Table 1 Mechanical properties of drill bit and bone used in finite element simulations Material Property Density ( kg / m3) Elastic Modulus (MPa) Poisson’s Ratio Yield Stress (MPa) Ultimate Stress (MPa) Specific Heat ( J /kg-℃) Thermal Conductivity (W / m-k) Cortical Bone 1,640 16,700 0.3 157 157.1 1,640 0.452 Cancellous Bone 640 759 0.3 31.0 31.1 1,477 0.087 Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of drill bit and bone contact geometrical model and finite element model Verification The feasibility of the proposed FEM model was confirmed by comparing the difference of temperature rise in a biomechanical test block (provided by Sawbones) and in a finite element simulation during the drilling process.
In this study, the region in which the bone temperature exceeds 47 is defined as the thermal affected zone (TAZ).
The maximum thermal affected zone occurs at the interface of cortical bone and cancellous bone.

Coiling temperature of 650oC gave the best combination of mechanical properties. 1 Introduction Energy conservation is a key research topic in the development of the automobile industry.
Therefore, the volume fraction, shape and hardness of phases are the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of wheel steel [6,7].
(a) 20 μm 5 μm (b) P PF 20 μm (c) 5 μm (d) P carbide PF 20 μm (e) 5 μm (f) PF B P carbide 20 μm (g) 5 μm (h) carbide PF B Fig. 1 The optical and SEM microstructures of experimental steels: (a, b) CT 650oC; (c, d) CT 600oC; (e, f) CT 540oC; (g, h) CT 430oC Table 2 Volume fractions of different phases at different coiling temperatures CT/oC PF/% P/% P and B/% 650 83.1 16.9 / 600 78.2 21.8 / 540 75.7 / 24.3 430 68.4 / 31.6 3.2 Effect of coiling temperature on mechanical properties, Fig. 2 shows the effect of coiling temperature on strength and the product of strength and ductility (tensile strength/MPa × elongation/%).
Fig. 2 Effects of coiling temperature on mechanical properties: (a) strength and product of strength and ductility; (b) impact energy of experimental steels Microstructure is the factor that has the most significant influence on impact toughness.
The main factors for the high strength of the experimental steel, therefore, are fine-grained microstructure and nano-scale (Nb,V,Ti)C precipitates. 400 nm (a) 100n m (b) Fig. 4 The TEM images of experimental steel (a) dislocations; (b) nano-scale precipitate (Nb,V,Ti)C In this study, the effects of microstructure on strength, plasticity, impact toughness and stretch flangeability were determined.

Introduction Functionally graded materials are inhomogeneous materials in which the material properties vary continuously in one or more directions.
It is assumed that the material properties depend one-dimensionally on y so that: { } { } )(,,,,,)(),(),(),(),(),( 000000 11 11 15 11 15 44 yf ecyyyyyeyc νµαε νµαε = (5) where f(y) is material property variation and the subscript 0 indicates the properties at y=0.
Applied mechanical load has a significant influence on intensity factor.
The electric and magnetic effects are not involved in obtaining stress intensity factors.
The stress, electric displacement and magnetic induction intensity factors are highly affected by the material nonhomogeneity parameters of the electro-magneto-mechanical properties.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr31 hypereutectic cast iron Chuanxiao Peng, Wenchao Cui, Xiaoyan Yang, Li Wanga School of Mechanical and Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, People’s Republic of China awanglihxf@sdu.edu.cn Keywords: Hypereutectic high chromium cast irons, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Erosion wear property.
Its service life is greatly affected by the erosion wear property of materials.
In this work, Cr31 hypereutectic cast iron was selected to study the effect of heat treatment (destabilization + SCHT) on microstructure and mechanical properties.
Two factors, secondary carbide precipitating and martensite formation, enhanced specimens.
Liu, Microstructure evolution and its influence on mechanical properties of hypereutectic HCCIs, Master Thesis, Northeastern University, 2010, p.32.

This study investigated the properties of the polymeric solution and the effects of solvent ratio and concentration on morphology, hydrophobicity and mechanical properties of PBI nanofiber membranes.
Another finding is that the nanofiber membranes with 7.5 w/v% of PBI showed excellent mechanical properties with the maximum stress value of 4.20 ± 0.29 MPa.
Controlling these factors will result in optimal polymer fibres with the appropriate diameter and without beads [9].
Mechanical properties of PBI nanofiber membranes.
Fig. 4 illustrates the universal stress-strain curve of the PBI nanofiber membranes for the investigation of mechanical properties.

Affected factors such as coating times, oxidation temperature and time were investigated.
Thickness is one of the most important factors on anti-oxidation of alumina coating, and in this work, thicker coatings have better anti-oxidation quality.
Introduction Carbon fibre is widely used in material engineering because of its excellent properties, such as low coefficient of thermal expansion, high modulus and strength, low density, relative flexibility and good mechanical, thermal and chemical properties in high temperature in vacuum and inert atmospheres [1,2].
But unfortunately, carbon fibre exhibits a very poor oxidation resistance in oxidizing environment above 400°C; furthermore, it carbon fibre reacts with most matrix materials of composites during manufacturing, which deteriorates in mechanical properties [3].
Coating thickness, oxidation temperature and time is the three most important factors affect the anti-oxidation quality of alumina coating.

The heat affected zone of the joint was decreased and the grain size of the joint was become small.
Many factors affect the solidification cracking, but the nature of point of view, the factors can be summarized in two aspects, namely, metallurgical factors and power factors.
Welding belongs to local heating, therefore, in the heat-affected zone of the crystals occurred in recrystallization.
Semi-solid treatment, the 2A14 aluminum alloy welding grain refinement due to welding materials, welding seam can be better, improve welding quality to be fine grain, making the weld hardness, toughness and other properties are significantly improved.
Xiong La-sen, Welding Engineering Fundamentals[M], Mechanical Industry Press,2007,8 10.

For a reasoned choice of the composition of polymer concrete with the necessary properties, a visual comparative characteristic of existing materials is necessary, which should take into account technical and economic, operational and technological factors.
Polymer concrete composite materials have physical and mechanical properties that mostly exceed the properties of traditional cement concrete.
To partially level these factors, mineral fillers and other various additives are added to thermosetting resins [45].
Liqun, An Experimental Study on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Polymer Concrete under Ultraviolet Aging.
Schubel, Optimal Design for Epoxy Polymer Concrete Based on Mechanical Properties and Durability Aspects.

The matrix and fibers have significantly different properties.
It is expected that lasers as a thermal acting tool may damage the CFRP, resulting to reduce strength properties.
For laser cuttings, the parameter setting will certainly affect the cut quality, and therefore will also affect the strength of CFRP specimens.
Effect of Heat-Affected Zone on the static tensile strength.
As the result, it can be assumed the less independent of the laser source properties such as wavelength.

Cement addition (CA), water addition (WA) and wet curing period (WCP) are selected as the effect factors on these two mechanical properties.
Experimental Factors and levels selected for orthogonal experiment are given in Table 1.
For factors of cement addition and water addition, four levels were chosen for each factor.
Chotard, Influence of the thermal history on the mechanical properties of two alumina based castables, J.
Urazova, Refractory cement-free castables: Properties and potential uses in metallurgy, Refract.