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Online since: March 2008
Authors: A.S. Sekhar
These may be biological like fungi, insects, birds, and animals or physical
like shocks, abrasion, wear and tear, fire, water, or weathering agents such as pollution, rain and
other atmospheric conditions.
These were generally classified into three categories (1) oil type like creosote compounds, (2) water soluble type like copper sulphate, mercuric chloride, with non-leaching additives like potassium chromate and (3) organic solvents like chlorinated phenols etc.
By utilizing specially innovative methods like chemical treatments, or impregnating the timbers with resins and compressing them, "modified woods" or "improved woods" could be produced to improve dimensional stability, water repellency, resistance to acids and alkalis, ultraviolet radiation, bio-deterioration, or thermal degradation.
Even today, in some countries hand tools are used commonly by professional experts and craftsmen.
Some innovative basic studies known as "nourishment theory" [29] are already available for understanding how density of wood depends on the interrelation between soil fertility, water transpiration and assimilation Some information is also available on the variation of density on other growth factors of trees.
These were generally classified into three categories (1) oil type like creosote compounds, (2) water soluble type like copper sulphate, mercuric chloride, with non-leaching additives like potassium chromate and (3) organic solvents like chlorinated phenols etc.
By utilizing specially innovative methods like chemical treatments, or impregnating the timbers with resins and compressing them, "modified woods" or "improved woods" could be produced to improve dimensional stability, water repellency, resistance to acids and alkalis, ultraviolet radiation, bio-deterioration, or thermal degradation.
Even today, in some countries hand tools are used commonly by professional experts and craftsmen.
Some innovative basic studies known as "nourishment theory" [29] are already available for understanding how density of wood depends on the interrelation between soil fertility, water transpiration and assimilation Some information is also available on the variation of density on other growth factors of trees.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Yan Chao Li
If air conditioning fans and fan coils are gathered together with loads with same cost such as lighting and electric water boiler and use same trunk line to supply power, not only use one fire alarm command to cut off the non-firefighting power, but also transmit smaller load current by same cross section of trunk line, so as to reduce the line loss when air conditioners are not used in Spring and Autumn.
Specially, the motor with the following operation conditions should be applied initially: (1) The motors in water source pump station which are far away from power supply
The high efficiency motor can be selected generally if meet the following conditions: (1) Load rate is above 0.6; (2) Annual continuous operation time is above 3000h; (3) No frequent startup and braking when motor is running (light-load startup is the best, such as fan load and water pump load); (4) Unit capacity is bigger. 7.2 Select AC frequency conversion device One of measures to save power energy in China currently is to promote AC motor speed regulating energy saving technology.
The soft starter is commonly used for water pumps which have big capacity and are started up frequently, as well as used for the field nearby where requires high stability for voltage of equipment.
Beijing: China Architecture & Industry Press, 2004 [3] Professional Exam Review Guidebook for Registered Electrical Engineer Qualification Examination.
Specially, the motor with the following operation conditions should be applied initially: (1) The motors in water source pump station which are far away from power supply
The high efficiency motor can be selected generally if meet the following conditions: (1) Load rate is above 0.6; (2) Annual continuous operation time is above 3000h; (3) No frequent startup and braking when motor is running (light-load startup is the best, such as fan load and water pump load); (4) Unit capacity is bigger. 7.2 Select AC frequency conversion device One of measures to save power energy in China currently is to promote AC motor speed regulating energy saving technology.
The soft starter is commonly used for water pumps which have big capacity and are started up frequently, as well as used for the field nearby where requires high stability for voltage of equipment.
Beijing: China Architecture & Industry Press, 2004 [3] Professional Exam Review Guidebook for Registered Electrical Engineer Qualification Examination.
Online since: May 2020
Authors: De Fu Li, Qi Wang, Qi Fei Zheng
They used an intermediate frequency induction furnace to melt the alloy, and each component was melted into an alloy, and then used air atomized and water cooled to obtain an alloy powder.
The main processes for preparing copper-steel bimetal composites by centrifugal casting are: pickling, caustic washing and water washing → preheating →hanging borax→ copper-based alloy melting, centrifugal casting → rapid cooling.
The liquid copper alloy is continuously cast on the stainless steel strip and immediately cooled to form a thin shell, which then enters between the two water-cooled rolls simultaneously with the steel strip, and the heat of the metal is continuously exported by the rolls.
The bimetal strip is cooled rapidly by the cooling chamber, and then cooled by water spray, and the oil stain on the surface of the steel strip is wiped off by a cleaning machine.
Materials Review, 2008, 22(3):40-43 [21] Foundry professional society of mechanical industry society.
The main processes for preparing copper-steel bimetal composites by centrifugal casting are: pickling, caustic washing and water washing → preheating →hanging borax→ copper-based alloy melting, centrifugal casting → rapid cooling.
The liquid copper alloy is continuously cast on the stainless steel strip and immediately cooled to form a thin shell, which then enters between the two water-cooled rolls simultaneously with the steel strip, and the heat of the metal is continuously exported by the rolls.
The bimetal strip is cooled rapidly by the cooling chamber, and then cooled by water spray, and the oil stain on the surface of the steel strip is wiped off by a cleaning machine.
Materials Review, 2008, 22(3):40-43 [21] Foundry professional society of mechanical industry society.
Online since: March 2024
Authors: Michal Bačuvčík, Ivan Janotka, Lukáš Húlek, Jakub Gašpárek, Peter Paulík
For high-quality diagnostics, it is necessary to carry out a professional inspection of the structure, to study the related documentation, and based on initial findings to prepare a suitable scope and methodology of diagnostics before its actual implementation.
TSÚS performs the following tests on the taken concrete cylindrical cores according to the relevant test standards determining: · the density; · the compressive strength; · the strength in transverse tension; · the dynamic modulus of elasticity; · the secant modulus of elasticity; · the suction capacity; · the depth of penetration of water under pressure.
The mixtures with a very runny or dense consistency and with water separation were excluded from next experiment.
Two admixtures were used to eliminate cracking: modified cellulose ether for cement-based systems (0.6 % wt. of the cement) that retained water in the fresh PRC and thus reduced the crack propagation caused by drying the thin coat layer and the dry powder dispersion (1 % wt. substituting for the cement), thereby increasing the PRC´s adhesion to the base concrete and thus reducing the crack propagation.
Before the ACT, the base concrete was kept for seven days in 20 °C water and 21 days in 20 °C / 60 % R.H.- dry air.
TSÚS performs the following tests on the taken concrete cylindrical cores according to the relevant test standards determining: · the density; · the compressive strength; · the strength in transverse tension; · the dynamic modulus of elasticity; · the secant modulus of elasticity; · the suction capacity; · the depth of penetration of water under pressure.
The mixtures with a very runny or dense consistency and with water separation were excluded from next experiment.
Two admixtures were used to eliminate cracking: modified cellulose ether for cement-based systems (0.6 % wt. of the cement) that retained water in the fresh PRC and thus reduced the crack propagation caused by drying the thin coat layer and the dry powder dispersion (1 % wt. substituting for the cement), thereby increasing the PRC´s adhesion to the base concrete and thus reducing the crack propagation.
Before the ACT, the base concrete was kept for seven days in 20 °C water and 21 days in 20 °C / 60 % R.H.- dry air.
Online since: October 2025
Authors: Branko Savić, Petra Tanović, Gabriela Victoria Mnerie, Dumitru Mnerie
Testing of Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break of Polymer Packaging Materials
TANOVIĆ Petra1,a, SAVIĆ Branko2,b, MNERIE Gabriela-Victoria2,3,c,
MNERIE Dumitru3,4,d
1Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies in Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Address: Školska 1, Postal Code 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
2National Research & Development Institute for Welding and Material Testing - ISIM,
Address: 30, Blv.
Even in prehistoric times, man had the need to leave water and collected food for times when he would not be able to find them.
Polypropylene features good water vapor impermeability, which allows the contents to be preserved without mass loss, while EVOH provides an excellent barrier against the passage of oxygen from the atmosphere to the food, enabling the preservation of fats from oxidation [9].
The following tests are performed: thickness, mass per unit area, specific mass, tensile strength and elongation at break, dry residue of extraction, suitability for thermal processing, light permeability, gas permeability, water vapor permeability, and tests for the health safety of the materials.
In the context of the control of the aforementioned packaging materials, tests were conducted on the uniformity of film thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and gas, water vapor, and light permeability.
Even in prehistoric times, man had the need to leave water and collected food for times when he would not be able to find them.
Polypropylene features good water vapor impermeability, which allows the contents to be preserved without mass loss, while EVOH provides an excellent barrier against the passage of oxygen from the atmosphere to the food, enabling the preservation of fats from oxidation [9].
The following tests are performed: thickness, mass per unit area, specific mass, tensile strength and elongation at break, dry residue of extraction, suitability for thermal processing, light permeability, gas permeability, water vapor permeability, and tests for the health safety of the materials.
In the context of the control of the aforementioned packaging materials, tests were conducted on the uniformity of film thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, and gas, water vapor, and light permeability.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Xiao Lin Cao, Liu Dan Jiao
Since 2002, by ways of restructuring and creation, the Chongqing municipal government has established Chongqing city group, Chongqing real estate group, Chongqing water group, Chongqing highway development, etc.
Chongqing territory of mountains and waters area accounts for 94% of the total area, therefore, Chongqing city reasonable development framework should be group development layout.
But the mountain and water area of Chongqing is 94 percents of the total area.
Water burst, landslides and complex geological condition cause large-scale bridge engineering and protective retaining engineering in construction of expressway.
Set the Chongqing expressway as an example, every year the high-end maintenance equipment and related professional maintenance personnel limit the amount of overhaul of highway at 100 kilometers.
Chongqing territory of mountains and waters area accounts for 94% of the total area, therefore, Chongqing city reasonable development framework should be group development layout.
But the mountain and water area of Chongqing is 94 percents of the total area.
Water burst, landslides and complex geological condition cause large-scale bridge engineering and protective retaining engineering in construction of expressway.
Set the Chongqing expressway as an example, every year the high-end maintenance equipment and related professional maintenance personnel limit the amount of overhaul of highway at 100 kilometers.
Online since: February 2021
Authors: Lucie Depeigne, Emilija Zdraveva
The main application areas of electrospun materials include, biomedicine: tissue engineering, (hard (bones) and soft tissues (skin, blood vessels, muscles and nerves, cartilage, tendons and ligaments)) and controlled drug delivery; energy/electronics: energy storage devices (supercapacitors and batteries), energy conversion (solar cells and piezoelectric systems for energy storage) and sensors; environmental protection: air filtration and water purification; chemistry: catalysts support; functional textiles: protective clothing, superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic materials, directional water transfer materials; others: acoustic isolation, reinforcement in polymer matrices etc. [1].
Silk fibroin is obtained from the silk worm cocoons, provides adaptable biodegradability, biocompatibility and good oxygen/water vapor permeability.
In salt/particle leaching the salt or other porogens are added directly to the polymer solution [70] or sieved in-between the electrospun layers [71] and then leached out by immersion of the scaffolds into water.
Squire, Fibrous proteins: Coiled-coils, collagen and elastomers, first ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, 2005
Silk fibroin is obtained from the silk worm cocoons, provides adaptable biodegradability, biocompatibility and good oxygen/water vapor permeability.
In salt/particle leaching the salt or other porogens are added directly to the polymer solution [70] or sieved in-between the electrospun layers [71] and then leached out by immersion of the scaffolds into water.
Squire, Fibrous proteins: Coiled-coils, collagen and elastomers, first ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, 2005
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Xiao Wei Gong, Hong Jun Cao
The consequences of the destruction of environment resource need to be shared by the surrounding waters, and the builders of ecological environment cannot enjoy alone the ecological protection and construction achievements.
Such research was mainly focused on forests, lakes and water resource; however, the MEC is tested relatively less.
In the source of funds, China currently has no special ecological tax while ecological taxation is used more and more widely abroad, such as special tax of the Germany's natural protection and water tax of Japan in addition to government subsidies, financial aid, domestic and foreign funds. 3.3 The revelation to China Study on international ecological compensation has mainly inspiration for Chinese MEC: 1) Construction of the national strategic framework in ecological compensation It is necessary to reflect the principle of the current most major issue in the system design and publish regulations and laws and regulations of MEC as soon as possible [18], can choose the place was chose to pilot, for example the coastal areas of Shandong, Liaoning and other areas.
The supervision of ecological compensation fund is strengthened, and each fund appropriation should hire professional third party institution to audit and establish a strict responsibility system. 4.1.2 The optimization of the tax policy There is no specialized tax in MEC currently.
[8] Yongtian Xu, in Chinese: China Water Resources, 2011 (4): 29-38
Such research was mainly focused on forests, lakes and water resource; however, the MEC is tested relatively less.
In the source of funds, China currently has no special ecological tax while ecological taxation is used more and more widely abroad, such as special tax of the Germany's natural protection and water tax of Japan in addition to government subsidies, financial aid, domestic and foreign funds. 3.3 The revelation to China Study on international ecological compensation has mainly inspiration for Chinese MEC: 1) Construction of the national strategic framework in ecological compensation It is necessary to reflect the principle of the current most major issue in the system design and publish regulations and laws and regulations of MEC as soon as possible [18], can choose the place was chose to pilot, for example the coastal areas of Shandong, Liaoning and other areas.
The supervision of ecological compensation fund is strengthened, and each fund appropriation should hire professional third party institution to audit and establish a strict responsibility system. 4.1.2 The optimization of the tax policy There is no specialized tax in MEC currently.
[8] Yongtian Xu, in Chinese: China Water Resources, 2011 (4): 29-38
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Rong Cheng Niu, Shu He Wei, Jie Zhan
China
2 College of Liaoning Professional Sanitation Technology, Shenyang 110101, P.R.
However, with the rapid economy development, many agricultural soils were contaminated by heavy metals as a result of industrial activities, over-fertilization and improper waste water irrigation.
Water makeup as tap water and fertilizer addition as (NH4)2SO4 during plant growth stages such as tilling, jointing and flowering were conducted according to local routine agricultural practices [2].
The pH was determined using a pH meter (PHS-3B), and the ratio of soil and water was 1: 2.5.
However, with the rapid economy development, many agricultural soils were contaminated by heavy metals as a result of industrial activities, over-fertilization and improper waste water irrigation.
Water makeup as tap water and fertilizer addition as (NH4)2SO4 during plant growth stages such as tilling, jointing and flowering were conducted according to local routine agricultural practices [2].
The pH was determined using a pH meter (PHS-3B), and the ratio of soil and water was 1: 2.5.