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It confirms the aforesaid and also existence of a large number of twins in the structure.
Thus, the initial structure of the 08%C-18%Cr-10%Ni-Ti steel is a typical coarse grain austenitic structure (∼ 85%) with a large number of twins as shown in Figure 1.
The EBSD observations after ECAP at room temperature revealed a mainly grain structure (fraction of HAB ∼ 59%) with an average grain size of 410 nm (Table 1).
The fraction of high angle boundaries is ∼54% and the average grain size is ∼ 940 nm.
So the size of subgrains is almost half of the grain size.

Air-dry density, oven-dry density, basic density, shrinkage, swelling, parallel-to-grain compressive strength, parallel-to-grain tensile strength, modulus of rupture (MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE) ,impact toughness were analyzed.
Materials and Methods Sampling methods, numbers of samples and general requirements for physical and mechanical tests have been followed by GB standards (SAC, Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China) throughout the study.
Parallel-to-grain compressive strength, parallel-to-grain tensile strength and impact toughness were determined according to GB/T 1935-2009, GB/T 1938-2009 and GB/T 1904-2009 standards, respectively.
Information on the testing of Alnus formosana wood Test Properties Number of specimens Dimensions of specimens* Standards Density,air-dry, basic 20 20×20×20 GB/T 1933-2009 Shrinkage 20 20×20×20 GB/T 1932-2009 Swelling 20 20×20×20 GB/T 1934.2-2009 Modulus of elasticity (MOE) 35 300×20×20 GB/T 1936.2-2009 Modulus of rupture (MOR) 35 300×20×20 GB/T 1936.1-2009 Parallel-to-grain compressive strength 35 30×20×20 GB/T 1935-2009 Parallel-to-grain tensile strength 35 370×20×15 GB/T 1938-2009 Impact toughness 35 300×20×20 GB/T 1904-2009 * Longitudinal × radial × tangential direction (mm × mm × mm) Results and Discussion The results obtained on the physical properties of Alnus formosana wood are shown in Table 2.
The parallel-to-grain compressive strength of Alnus formosana wood averaged 41.575 Mpa.

Over last decade, a number of crystal plasticity modes on HCP materials have been established to study the mechanical behavior of titanium [2].
The finite element model of poly-crystalline titanium is shown in Fig.7, the element number is 13720(7´28´70), each element stands for a grain, and the local coordinate of the element represents the lattice direction of the grain.
Evolution of the grain orientation.
Thus increases the number of grains with loading directions of A, D and E, and yields dark grey regions at the corresponding locations on the inverse pole figure.
Acknowledgements: The present project is supported by the National Nature Science　Foundation of China (project number: 19972065), and Key Laboratory Foundation of ShenZhen University (project number: 4CJB) Reference [1] Asaro, R.J. and Rice, J.R.: J.

That model has been applied to grain boundaries as well as to interfaces in phase transformations.
It was thus evident that the sharp interface model should only be regarded as a first Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 approximation.
They considered the attraction without any detailed modeling of the properties of the grain boundary.
Instead, the driving force originates from cold work if the material is deformed or from the interfacial energy of a curved grain boundary, which is curved in such a way that it puts the parent grain under a pressure.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 Comparison The two approaches for a binary system can be compared by taking the difference between Eqs. 9 and 4.

Two types of diamond grain, SMD35 and DMD was used.
Besides, the bit outer diameter was 20mm; the working length was 6mm; wall thickness was 2mm and water entry number was 2.
The more numbers of the complete shape diamond grains, the better the bit drilling performance.
When the diamond concentration is fixed and the processing conditions remain unchanged, the number of coarse grains in the bond surface is smaller than that of fine ones, so the averaging load acting on each grain becomes heavier which leads to a increasing cutting depth, so the armor ceramic is broken more easily and a higher efficiency is achieved.
When the grain size is small, the grain number in the bond surface grows, which will make an effective reduction to the bit abrasion rate.

In other words, elongated grains inclined to the disc plane are formed.
Consider now the grain refinement process during ECAP.
Due to this, the routes BA and BC result in the most rapid formation of an equiaxed structure in terms of the number of passes [18].
This results in a bimodal microstructure with spatially separated fine-grained and coarse-grained components.
The number of cycles, temperature decrement between the cycles, iT∆ , the whole temperature fall between the first and last cycles, ∆Т, and number of passes in each cycle are the key parameters of the process and depend on the material and its initial microstructure.

Also, there was a positive correlation between surface roughness and wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size.
Honing is a cutting process with bonded grain[5,6].
The orthogonal table reduces the total number of trials and increases the amount of information of the tested points.
It was found that the increase in grain size lead to the increase in both Ra a and Rz.
The increase in grain size would result in the decrease in the number of grain per unit area and increase of the pressure on each grain under the same radial expansion (wedge feed per stroke cycle).

Besides, fine second phase is able to suppress grain growth by exerting pinning effect on grain boundaries [9].
Numbers of studies were carried out to determine Table 1.
Meanwhile, recrystallized grain size is extensively fine especially at 948K.
Microstructure at 1108K consists of elongated α grains containing sub-grains in their interior.
It seems that these elongated grains are transformed from the dynamically recovered β grains during gas quenching.

The use of process modelling has proven to be a useful tool in understanding the results from the extrusion experiments and limiting the number of interactions during extrusion. 1.
The low temperature to avoid grain growth limits the processing window (maximum temperature and time at maximum temperature) to which the powder can be exposed with modest or without grain growth.
High pressure is useful for consolidation, but there is limited number of commercially viable processes using high pressure.
Therefore, the effect of temperature rise on flow stress is believed to be not so high and its effect in grain growth is not significant.
Results from simulations runs have been used in helping to understand the extrusion experiments and to reduce the number of experimental tests required.

Introduction In order to measure edges of diamond abrasive grain, a robust measurement method for vertex position of a small polyhedron using image processing is proposed.
The dp is not getting smaller when the data number is larger.
K is the data number for the in-focus calculation of regression.
An abrasive grain of diamond, measurement target of our research, has shape of a polyhedron.
Selected diamond grains for precise grinding have even shapes of polyhedron.