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6061 Aluminum Surface Treatment by High Quality Coloring Anodic Film Chun-Chien Lee1,a, Stephanie El - Zahlanieh2,b, Yi-Hsuan Wang1,c, Chien-Chon Chen1,d*, Shih Hsun Chen3,e, and Yo-Wei Chang2,f 1Department of Energy Engineering, National United University, Taiwan 2Department of Process Engineering Ecole Polytechnique de l’Université de Nantes, France 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan ajw325962@gmail.com, bstephanie.z28@hotmail.com, cyhwang850212@gmail.com d*ccchen@nuu.edu.tw, ebrucechen.mse90g@gmail.com, fsunban@nuu.edu.tw Keywords: Anodization, Coloring, Anodic film, Quality, Process.
SEM images of anodic film microstructures by mild anodization The hydrate aluminum oxide film has two forms of reaction in water; one is to combine with water to form bayerite (Al(OH)3)) at a lower temperature (below 40 °C) in acid solution (pH <4) under an applied voltage of anodization.
The other one form is in the neutral water at higher temperature (above 80 °C) the Bayerite ((Al(OH)3)) transform to bohmite (AlO(OH)), this is usually reaction process of hydration sealing.
The boiling water sealing technique is to convert the anodic film of a bayerite (Al(OH)3) into a bohmite (AlO(OH)) type by hydration reaction of alumina in boiling water.
Since the Al(OH)3 has a larger molecular weight of 78 g/mol than the AlO(OH) of 60 g/mol and based on the volume is inversely proportional to molecular weight concept the volume expands from Al(OH)3 to AlO(OH) can be simply calculated as (78-60) / 60 = 30% based on the same weight of anodic film [6].

C, S and N content in the samples was measured with an Elmentar Vario EL Ⅲ system.
Maira, et al.
[8] Rengifo-Herrera et al.
[9] Emeline et al.
[10] Randeniya et al.

Fig. 1, Nanostructure platform (Adapted with permission from Hering k. et al [4]) Metal colloids and nanoparticles: Metallic colloids nanoparticles can be easily prepared by reduction of the respective materials with various reducing agents that requires simple instruments in laboratory.
Zi Yi el al detected specific DNA sequences with hybridization and measured different concentration using gold nanoclusters [11].
In 1997, first time Kneipp et al, published that an individual molecule can be determined through the molecular vibrational and rotational mode fingerprint using single-molecule surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy (SMSERS) [7].
Raju Botta et al described, lower concentration and reproducibility of SMSERS would be measured if the molecules oriented in specific direction at hot spots and molecules need to chemically attachment with metal surfaces [2].

AS (Mg-Al-Si) series of magnesium alloys have been developed fast because it is able to meet the requirements of good creep resistance, good formability and low cost [3] due to the Mg2Si particles in the alloys that exhibit a high melting temperature of 1085°C, low density of 1.99´103 kg×m-3, high hardness of 4.5´109 Nm-2, a low thermal expansion coefficient of 7.5´10-6 K-1 and a reasonably high elastic modulus of 120 GPa [4, 5].
The 0.2% yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation to rupture (El.) were averaged over three specimens.
Table 1 Chemical composition of AS31 ingot (wt.％) Element Al Si Mn Be Cu Fe Ni Mg Content 3.10 0.91 0.17 0.0014 0.0049 0.0011 0.0003 Balance Results and discussion Microstructure refinement.
Modification of Mg2Si morphology in squeeze cast Mg-Al-Zn-Si alloys by Ca or P addition, Scripta Mater. 41 (1999) 333-340
Pai, Observations of microstructure refinement in Mg-Al-Si alloys containing strontium, J.

Experimental Details The alloys were prepared by repeated melting 99.9% Co, 99.95% Cr and 99.99% Al particles in a vacuum–induction furnace and then casting into a water-cooled mould.
The EDS analysis indicated that the oxide scales contain only Co and O element, and Al or Cr element was not detected due to the overgrown cobalt oxide at high temperature.
In contrast with Co10Cr10Al alloy, the addition of 0.05 at.% Y had helped to form a protective oxide layer, because Y element enhanced alternative oxidation of Cr and Al elements, and reduced the critical content to form dense, stable, and fully adherent oxide scales, such as Al2O3 and Cr2O3, which were used to protect the alloy against further oxidation by insulating matrix from the oxygen[9].
The addition of 0.05 at.% Y enhanced alternative oxidation of Cr and Al elements, and reduced the critical content to form dense, stable as well as fully adherent oxide scales including Al2O3 and Cr2O3.
El-Sherik and Y.O.

Xia et al.[8] mainly focused on ‘‘post-crystallization treatment’’.
Prakasam, et al: Langmuir Vol. 23(2007), p.12445 [5] M.
Tanaka, et al: Appl.
[8] Lu Y, Yin Y, Li Z Y, el al: Langmuir Vol. 18(2002), p. 7722 [9] XiYing.Ma: The principle and application of photonic crystals (Science Press, Beijing 2010)

Al-4.5 wt% Cu alloy with a relatively low melting temperature, a high thermal conductivity and a wide solidification range was used, and experiment casting ingot with the size of φ200 mm was carried out.
Experiment results and discussions Fig. 1(a) shows the Φ200mm Al-4.5wt%Cu ingot cast by the conventional and LFE hot-top casting processes, the ingot from the butt to 600 mm is cast by the conventional hot-top casting process, the ingot from 600 mm to 900 mm is cast by LFE hot-top casting process, and Fig. 1(b) is the enlarged partial view.
Fig. 1 Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on surface quality of Al-4.5wt%Cu ingot The electro-oxidized structure in Fig. 2 reveals the microstructure of the ingot, specimens are taken from the cross-section of the ingot in the edge, 1/2 radius and center of the ingots respectively.
El-Kaddah, J.

[2] Márton Krára, Tamás Kaszaa, et al.Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92 (1) 886-892
[4] Z Abu El-Rub, E A Bramer, G Brem.
Kalogiannis et al.
[7] María Ibáñez, Beatriz Valle, Javier Bilbao, et al. 

A theoretical analysis of active confining pressure for SHPB and corresponding investigation on sandstone were carried out by Wu Delun el al [1].
In response, many researchers have developed a variety of pulse shaping methods, such as copper shaper [4], multi-layer shaper [5], et al, as well as special shaped impact bar method [6].
[4] LU Xiaocong, XU Jinyu, GE Honghai, et al.

%Al-4wt.
SEM microstructure of Cu-Al-Ni-Ti Alloy (a) Cu-Al-Ni, (b) Cu-Al-Ni-0.4Ti, (c) Cu-Al-Ni-0.8Ti, and (d) Cu-Al-Ni-1.2Ti Figures 11 and 12 shows the XRD results of the Cu−Al−Ni and Cu-Al-Ni-1.2%Ti SMAs respectively after aging. it is found that the aging heat treatment leads to precipitation the intermetallic compound γ2- AlCu3 and α phase.
%Al-4wt.
%Al-4wt.
El-Rabiee, N.H.