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Up-conversion mechanisms and application of rare earth-doped ZnO Xiaoli Wu1, 2, a, Yuzhen Yuan*2, b, Hanfa Liu2, c, Yunyan Liu2, d 1 School of materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China 2 School of Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China * Corresponding author.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2006, 99:113510, 1-5
Advanced Materials, 2011, 23(22-23): 2675-2680
Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4: 4835-4848
G€udel, Encyclopedia of Materials: Science of Technology, Pergamon, NewYork, 2001, 10, 9458

Through this process the characters with lowerhardness, lower plastic deformation resistance and better processing plastic of the steel can get. the properties of this steel can meet the requirement of cold forming process for materials.
Then put forward higher requirements for the alloy materials to their softening process, and hope to change the organization performance and improve the plastic characteristics of alloy material through heat treatment.
Quenching can meet the first two requirements. therefore to achieve the performance of the materials required, this experiment adopt quenching and cyclic spheroidizing annealing process for38CrMoAl.
It is a project supported by Guizhou Social development and science technology research project (project number: 2012, NO.3097).
References [1] DaChen, Weigang Zheng: Journal of Guizhou University of Technology.5-35,2006 , P.44-47 [2] Zhongqi Cui: Metal science and heat treatment (China Machine Press, Beijing 1988) [3] Wenbo Chen, Keqiang Tang: Material and heat treatment of cold work die (China Machine Press, Beijing 1984)

Experimental Materials. 99.99% cerium carbonate, 99.99% lanthanum carbonate, 99.9% praseodymium carbonate, polishing powder samples.
These materials are from a rare earth company.
The impurities of the raw materials during factory production have a great influence on the color of rare earth polishing powder.
Meat Science, 2002, 63(3): 287-292
Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society, 2002, 20(5): 392-397.

Citation & Key Engineering Materials Vols
Misawa: Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Transactions of the ASME Vol. 114(4) (1992), p. 323 Key Engineering Materials Vols. 117 [2] G.E.
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Xu: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science Vol. 36 (1999), p. 711 [14] P.A.

Vanndium is also widely used to make advanced functional materials such as magnetic materials, superconducting materials, aircraft engine materials, nuclear reactors, and other applications.
Jörgl, Reaction-kinetics of the vanadium roast process using steel slag as a secondary raw material, Minerals Engineering. 17 (2004) 317-321
Zhu, The technique of extracting the vanadium from vanadium slag and its main technology, Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology (Natural Sciences Edition). 11 (2009) 59-60 (in Chinese)
Li, Development of a new cleaner production process for producing chromic oxide from chromite ore, Journal of Cleaner Production. 14 (2006) 211-219
Du, Decomposition of chromite ore by oxygen in molten NaOH-NaNO3, International Journal of Mineral Processing. 95 (2010) 10-17

They allow to measure the surface free energy of materials of modified surface layer.
In such cases, we can not used other methods, which results are obtained by averaging the properties of the material throughout its mass, because the modified surface layer has different properties than other materials.
Żenkiewicz, Methods for the calculation of surface free energy of solids, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 24 (2007) 137-145
Saramango, On the surface free energy of PVC/EVA polymer blends: comparison of different calculation methods, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 208 (1998) 319-328
Shetty, Comparison of surface energies using various approaches and their suitability, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 107(2007) 3707-3717

The majority of methods in this area take their origin from the observation that fatigue damaged materials often behave like mesoscopic nonlinear materials (e.g. rocks) in which nonlinear phenomena have been observed for years.
As a result damaged metallic materials behave as mesoscopic elastic materials when elastic wave propagation is investigated.
It is well known that when damaged materials undergo tension/compression cycles, crack lips move.
Potel (Eds.), Materials and Acoustic Handbook, ISTE Ltd, London, 2009, pp. 433 - 472 [12] K.R.
Guyer, Equation of state and wave propagation in hysteretic nonlinear elastic materials, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 99, no.

By using the data of drilling and logging and other materials, the contour graph of the thickness of the remnant strata can be worked out.
So it is necessary to select the best method to restore the thickness of the denuded strata based on the characteristics of different basins and the quality of materials.
Journal of Chengdu University of Technology.
[15] Y Sun: Study on Sequence Stratigraphy and Subtle Reservoir in the South Slope of Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin (Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qindao, 2007)
Journal of Oil and Gas Technology.

Polymeric materials are widely- used materials in engineering.
Up to the authors’ knowledge, very little work has been done on the geometrically nonlinear response of SMA reinforced composites in which the host polymeric materials are analyzed with thermoviscoelastic theory.
S.Wu : Smart Materials and Structures, Vol.11(2002), P. 970-975
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This made it a suitable technique for analyzing nano-structure materials.
Materials and Methods InN thin film was prepared by reactive gas-timing RF magnetron sputtering technique [3] on polyethylene terephthalate substrate.
Allan, "First-principles computation of material properties: the ABINIT software project," Computational Materials Science, vol. 25, pp. 478-492, 2002
[8] Accelrys Software inc., Materials Studio, Release 4.3, San Diego: Accelrys Software Inc., 2008 Fig. 2.
Molecular structure of InN with one oxygen substituted nitrogen site (graphical displays generated with Materials Studio 4.3[8]) In-O bonding 2.08 Å In-N bonding 2.53 Å In-N bonding 2.17 Å