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A constitutive model is applied to predict the flow stress of an fcc material up to 30% straining after rolling to reductions of 19%, 39%, and 50%.
The latter results in a reduction in flow stress, the so-called Bauschinger effect, during a reversal test.
The parameters τ0, τ1, θ0, and θ1 = (25, 105, 425, 17) in Eq. (5) and others, used in the model have been characterized for pure Cu [3] using the compression test data from [1].
Figures 2a-c show the compression responses in the RD and TD for the three rolling reductions.
Compression curves in the TD and RD for copper pre-rolled to reductions of (a) 18.8%, (b) 39%, (c) 50%.

Present data indicate that localized deformation in near {001}<110> grains plays an essential role in the nucleation of {311}<136> orientations.
A total cold reduction of 60% was applied in 12 passes by alternatively changing the RD and TD after each pass, according to a cross-rolling schedule.
The acquired EBSD data were recorded with a step size of 0.3µm and 1µm (in the deformed and annealed samples, respectively) and further processed with the commercial EDAX-TSL® package.
Textural data gathered on the RD-ND section of both materials are shown in Fig.1a and Fig.1c.
Present data showed the development of a substructure in {001}<110> grains but also in grains of which the orientation does not belong to the a- nor the g-fibre.

The results show that the FEM model is correct and reliable, and can be used for weight reduction analysis.
Tab.1 Comparison of static test and calculation results Test point Test data Calculation Data Test point Test data Calculation Data Test point Test data Calculation Data 1 -5.65 -7.81 25 -2.95 -3.55 49 -2.22 -4.78 2 8.08 7.72 26 15.55 5.39 50 0 -0.28 3 0.61 1.82 27 -46.44 -50.84 51 -1.21 -11.82 4 5.25 6.59 28 4.85 6.67 52 10.1 11.02 5 -5.21 -6.94 29 5.86 6.61 53 2.22 2.94 6 5.05 4.43 30 9.89 5.76 54 -6.06 -12.32 7 -1.01 -3.62 31 12.32 8.25 55 -0.2 -0.98 8 5.05 3.91 32 1.82 0.66 56 -2.62 -5.23 9 1.62 3.08 33 3.84 -0.59 57 2.62 -0.08 10 13.33 19.14 34 58.15 14 58 0.2 -9.81 11 -4.44 -3.52 35 -0.2 -2.85 59 -0.2 -0.69 12 14.94 13.31 36 15.35 24.94 60 -12.12 -10 13 -19.38 -27.72 37 -19.18 -9.31 61 3.23 -0.64 14 -20.6 -12.77 38 -5.45 -10.45 62 0 0.1 15 -58.76 -70.88 39 -7.27 -7.5 63 -2.42 1.57 16 -57.35 -43.1 40 2.42 1.12 64 0 0.77 17 -28.27 -18.34 41 4.64 6.25 65 2.22 2.4 18 -3.21 -5 42 21.4 18.31 66 -0.61 -2.42 19 -0.2 -6.86 43 -1.62 -1.83 67 -5.65 -4.98 20 -3.43 -0.23 44 -12.12 -17.08
The maximum stress changed from 110.805 MPa to 110.063 MPa with 0.67% reduction.
This result shows that both weight reduction and strength improvement can be achieved with optimum parameters selected.
The real case shows that this method is useful and can be adopted in vehicle body weight reduction.

Lastly, a reduction of the general case is made to prove the general mathematical model on a structure similar to a five axis turning and milling machine.
Parameters q6 and q10 are rotations and are determined using only data from the geometry of the part where q9, q8 and q7, meaning X, Y and Z, are calculated using data from geometry in relation to q6.
This case can be replicated and from the general structure after reduction to have from two axis turning machine to five axis turning and milling machine and from three axis milling machine to five axis milling machine.
Having the geometry of the finished part and the kinematic structure equations, computer software can use this data to aid engineers in real life engineering situations.
[7] Information on http://en.dmgmori.com/blob/230242/f1da4ebd4875125450f3d422a66c978e/pt0uk14-ctx-beta-tc-pdf-data.pdf

The counter electrode of DSSCs is not only the function of charge transfer, but also plays an important role in the reduction reaction of electrolyte.
This result demonstrates that spin coating method can provide more platinum to catalyze the tri-iodide reduction.
Charge-transfer resistance is related to the electron transfer of tri-iodide reduction, which shows the catalytic activity of the counter electrode in DSSCs.
Fig. 3 illustrates the cyclic voltammetry and Table 3 complied the cathodic peak current (I pc) and cathodic peak potential (E pc) data.
It means that the reduction potential of tri-iodide to iodide for spin coating and dip coating is much smaller than sputtering method.

For a more active fulfillment of greenhouse gas reduction, diverse environment-friendly reduction activities are being continuously carried out with environment-friendly Building Certification System.
In terms of essential assessment items and methods, Mat 01 item selects the form in which a self-checklist is prepared and corresponding data is attached on the assessment methods used in the project such as scope of assessment, guideline, program, and use of database.
Green Guide is an environment-friendly building material information website developed by BRE of the United Kingdom launched in 1996 to provide environmental impact information of building materials with user convenience based on quantitative data.
Guidelines must include system boundary for assessment, scope of data collection, and details about data collection for analysis of life cycle list, and detailed guidelines are required to have details about assessment items according to characteristics of each material.
Assessment program can assess environmental performance of buildings according to the database for each stage of life cycle using the established environmental performance data of building materials.

Therefore, the clustering algorithm for numeric data is not suitable to process the categorical valued data.
Data preprocessing based on data warehouse Data preprocessing is an important work for project estimation.
There are four main steps to do the data preprocessing in application system of cost station. 1) Data cleansing: by filling the vacancy value, smoothing noisy data, identifying outliers, and solving the inconsistent data. 2) Data integration: combine the multiple data sources into a consistent data storage, such as integrating data in different databases into the data warehouse. 3) Data transformation: transfer data to suitable form for mining, such as scaling the attribute data in proportion, and make it fall into a relatively small interval. 4) Data stipulation: on the condition of not influence the mining results, compressing data by data aggregation and deleting the redundancy data, that increased the quality of mining models and reduced the time complexity. 2.1 Data cleaning and integration According to characteristics of various data sources of Xiamen project cost station, our system used xml standard as common export format standard of different data sources.
In process of data logging, user can detect data according to system business and technical rules.
Then, we applied the BP neural network and used MIV method to do dimension reduction.

It is suggested that the crack width of unbonded partially prestressed RPC beams calculated in accordance with the specification for unbounded partially prestressed concrete structure should multiply the reduction factor of 0.7.
Table 2 L2 crack spacing’s measured and calculated results under normal loads No. rte deq (mm) c (mm) ccr,m (mm) tcr,m (mm) ccr,m/ tcr,m L2-1 0.0174 14.28 20 103.6 83 6.35 L2-2 74 6.88 Comparison of the data can be seen from table, the calculated average crack spacing value of L2 beam according to specification is larger than the measured value.
Bring Measured data in this experiment into the above formula can be obtained the calculated value of crack width are shown in Table 3.
Experiment phenomena and the experimental data indicate that the measured value of crack spacing is less than the values calculated by the formula in " code for design of concrete structures" ​and suggest that modify the calculated values.
The experiment results show that the reduction coefficient is 0.7.

The enormous of data shrew corrosion pattern was usually happened at the edge of topography.
The reduction of the overcoat thickness will degrade their corrosion- and wear-resistance.
Electrochemical Impedance Analysis.The general effectiveness of DLC on corrosion protection was determined by potentiostatic polarization measurements [1,2,4] with data interpretation by the Tafel extrapolation method.
Indirect investigation to verify the DLC films weak point is powerful technique to provide the information for process engineer especially for the new process requirements that always continuously attempt to reduce DLC thickness for achieving better magnetic signal during data storage.
CoNiFe high moment material in data storage device was protect from corrosion with Si3N4/DLC films.

The key techniques of reverse engineering include: data acquisition, data processing and model reconstruction.
The main processing content includes removing noises, data smoothing and filtering, data reduction, data division, data orientation and alignment.
Through point cloud data processing, the STL data is created.
Consistency data sampling.
Model reconstruction in NX After data processing in Geomagic Studio software, the data save into IGS or STEP format.