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Online since: February 2019
Authors: Yevgen Smyrnov, Vladimir Belevitin, Vitalii Skliar
The obtained data on the thickness of the crystallized shell of continuous cast bloom and the amount of solid phase depending on the casting speed and steel grade allowed us to conclude about the possible place of installation of the MSR unit.
Selection of boundary conditions (heat transfer coefficients at the boundaries metal – cooling environment) and verification of the model were made based on industrial data.
In the analysis of the calculated data (Fig. 2) in terms of the dynamics of changes in the considered time interval and ratio of the area of the crystallized component of the bloom Fhard to its total cross-sectional area Ftotal the strength characteristics of the formed crust draw attention to themselves.
Aksenov, Soft reduction of a cast ingot on the incomplete crystallization stage, Materials Science Forum. 762 (2013) 261-265
Ney and e.t.c., Soft reduction in the continuous casting of billets, Millennium steel. (2007) 112-118
Selection of boundary conditions (heat transfer coefficients at the boundaries metal – cooling environment) and verification of the model were made based on industrial data.
In the analysis of the calculated data (Fig. 2) in terms of the dynamics of changes in the considered time interval and ratio of the area of the crystallized component of the bloom Fhard to its total cross-sectional area Ftotal the strength characteristics of the formed crust draw attention to themselves.
Aksenov, Soft reduction of a cast ingot on the incomplete crystallization stage, Materials Science Forum. 762 (2013) 261-265
Ney and e.t.c., Soft reduction in the continuous casting of billets, Millennium steel. (2007) 112-118
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Jia Xin Wang, Yong Li
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) represents a powerful tool for analyzing data by reducing the number of dimensions, without important loss of information and has been applied on datasets in all scientific domains [4].
On the other hand, PCA is known as an unsupervised dimensionality reduction technique which transfers the data linearly and projects original data to a new set of parameters called the factors, while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the data set.
So the first step in the synthesis of data comparison is dimensionless processing to the indicator's data.
The inverse indicator of the power plant data is shown in Table.2.
In our case study, we used five thermal power plant data; by means of PCA, we have got only ten factors that concentrate more than 60% of the information provided by the original five thermal power plant.
On the other hand, PCA is known as an unsupervised dimensionality reduction technique which transfers the data linearly and projects original data to a new set of parameters called the factors, while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the data set.
So the first step in the synthesis of data comparison is dimensionless processing to the indicator's data.
The inverse indicator of the power plant data is shown in Table.2.
In our case study, we used five thermal power plant data; by means of PCA, we have got only ten factors that concentrate more than 60% of the information provided by the original five thermal power plant.
Online since: April 2010
Authors: Hong Liang Xu, Hong Xia Lu, Chang An Wang, Hai Long Wang, Rui Zhang, De Liang Chen, Shi Xun Zhang, Qian Fei Han
The synthesis processing of ZrB2 powders includes
neutralizing precipitation and carborthermal reduction
boronization.
In the present work, ZrB2 powders were synthesized based on the following carborthermal reduction boronization reaction (1) ZrO2 + 0.5B4C + 1.5C = ZrB2 + 2CO (g) (1) According to the thermodynamic data, we can calculate out the enthalpy of reaction (1) at standard condition to be ∆H298 = 589.568 kJ, indicating reaction (1) to be an endothermic reaction (thermodynamic data obtained from Ref.10).
This is due to incompletion of the carborthermal reduction boronization reaction at 1500o C.
Surface area (BET) was estimated using adsorption data in a relative pressure range from 0.05 to 0.1, and the result was shown in Table 1.
Hu: Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Inorganics (Metallurgical Industry Publications, China, 2002,2nd edition) [11] H.
In the present work, ZrB2 powders were synthesized based on the following carborthermal reduction boronization reaction (1) ZrO2 + 0.5B4C + 1.5C = ZrB2 + 2CO (g) (1) According to the thermodynamic data, we can calculate out the enthalpy of reaction (1) at standard condition to be ∆H298 = 589.568 kJ, indicating reaction (1) to be an endothermic reaction (thermodynamic data obtained from Ref.10).
This is due to incompletion of the carborthermal reduction boronization reaction at 1500o C.
Surface area (BET) was estimated using adsorption data in a relative pressure range from 0.05 to 0.1, and the result was shown in Table 1.
Hu: Handbook of Thermodynamic Data of Inorganics (Metallurgical Industry Publications, China, 2002,2nd edition) [11] H.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Ya Lu Sun, Wen Ying Liu, Fu Chao Liu
Data Envelopment Analysis Method
The Theory of Data Envelopment Analysis Method.
The basic idea of this model is: Form the analysis of the sample input and output data, the model is to determine the effective decision-making unit , and to determine the production frontier.
is the copper loss of transformer Data model of line loss potential analysis of Gansu Power Grid Suppose that Line loss is x1, transformer loss is x2 and others loss is x3.
An output indicators is the whole network line loss rate, the input and output data of each decision-making unit is given by the following matrix.
(5) (6) In this model, X1i, X2i, X3i and yi are the known data.
The basic idea of this model is: Form the analysis of the sample input and output data, the model is to determine the effective decision-making unit , and to determine the production frontier.
is the copper loss of transformer Data model of line loss potential analysis of Gansu Power Grid Suppose that Line loss is x1, transformer loss is x2 and others loss is x3.
An output indicators is the whole network line loss rate, the input and output data of each decision-making unit is given by the following matrix.
(5) (6) In this model, X1i, X2i, X3i and yi are the known data.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Chen Xin Liu, Jun Chen, Bang Wen Zhang, Lin Chao Ke Bu
The higher the temperature of reduction is, the more obvious the yield falls.
Fig.1 Microwave carbon thermal reduction diagrammatic sketch Raw material.
(8) Reorganize and analyze the data Result analyst and discussion Ore phase analysis.
Considering the productivity rate and the grade, the ore selection index is better in the process of 750℃ reduction, magnetic separation in 1.2A current, and the data for both of that are 91.34% and 54.66%.
The higher temperature of reduction is, the more significant grade falls
Fig.1 Microwave carbon thermal reduction diagrammatic sketch Raw material.
(8) Reorganize and analyze the data Result analyst and discussion Ore phase analysis.
Considering the productivity rate and the grade, the ore selection index is better in the process of 750℃ reduction, magnetic separation in 1.2A current, and the data for both of that are 91.34% and 54.66%.
The higher temperature of reduction is, the more significant grade falls
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Zhen Tian, Qing Xian Yu, Min Chen, Zhen Feng Gao
The selective reduction was promoted by selecting the appropriate amount of modifier.
Reduction order was elucidated in this paper, Fe was reduced from the slag followed by P, Mn and Si and the reduction rate of Si could reach about 51%.
The metal phase was rich in Fe, Si, Mn and P as a result of the selective reduction.
Effect of Temperature on Selective Reduction.
The variations in the recovery rate of Si are shown in Fig.4; here the SiO2 30 mass% in the slag was indicated by diamonds, circles represent the data points resulting from the reduction of 40 mass% SiO2 and the triangles denotes the 50 mass% SiO2 in the slag.
Reduction order was elucidated in this paper, Fe was reduced from the slag followed by P, Mn and Si and the reduction rate of Si could reach about 51%.
The metal phase was rich in Fe, Si, Mn and P as a result of the selective reduction.
Effect of Temperature on Selective Reduction.
The variations in the recovery rate of Si are shown in Fig.4; here the SiO2 30 mass% in the slag was indicated by diamonds, circles represent the data points resulting from the reduction of 40 mass% SiO2 and the triangles denotes the 50 mass% SiO2 in the slag.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Yong Jie Zhang, Jian Yun Jiang, Fan Zhang, Meng Fu, Jian Dong Ye
Thus realize reduction and substitution of coal.
According to the monitoring data of Beijing Meteorological Bureau, air pollution above level six occurred four times in January 2013, and only 5 days were not fog haze day, which took great harm to people.
According to the survey data from Tsinghua University, the annual amount of coal consumption in rural areas of China in 2006 is about 192 million tons, equivalent to 136 million tce.
The survey data show that the rate of solar water heater utilization is the highest which is 84.2%.
It can be seen from the survey data that coal is mainly used for heating and the buildings are generally lack of thermal insulation, which is the key reason for high energy consumption [3].
According to the monitoring data of Beijing Meteorological Bureau, air pollution above level six occurred four times in January 2013, and only 5 days were not fog haze day, which took great harm to people.
According to the survey data from Tsinghua University, the annual amount of coal consumption in rural areas of China in 2006 is about 192 million tons, equivalent to 136 million tce.
The survey data show that the rate of solar water heater utilization is the highest which is 84.2%.
It can be seen from the survey data that coal is mainly used for heating and the buildings are generally lack of thermal insulation, which is the key reason for high energy consumption [3].
Online since: October 2018
Authors: Pentti Karjalainen, Antti Järvenpää, Matias Jaskari
Lower cold rolling reductions before reversion annealing for the grain size refinement are desired in industrial practice.
However, a high cold rolling reduction to create 100% deformation-induced martensite (DIM), as generally presented, is impractical in industrial processing, and the reductions of 30–40% would be more desirable.
No data are, however, for the behavior of slightly cold-rolled reversed structures under cyclic loading.
The latter data have been published earlier in Refs. 4–6.
After 32% cold rolling reduction, there was 30% retained DA left, but only 4% after 63% reduction.
However, a high cold rolling reduction to create 100% deformation-induced martensite (DIM), as generally presented, is impractical in industrial processing, and the reductions of 30–40% would be more desirable.
No data are, however, for the behavior of slightly cold-rolled reversed structures under cyclic loading.
The latter data have been published earlier in Refs. 4–6.
After 32% cold rolling reduction, there was 30% retained DA left, but only 4% after 63% reduction.
Online since: November 2010
Authors: Zhao Qian Jing, Zheng Wang, Yu Kong, Wei Shen
The studied adsorption data fitted well to
Langmuir adsorption model with the correlation coefficient 0.9947.
In the present investigation, the experimental data were tested with respect to the Langmuir isotherm.
The data obtained from the adsorption experiment conducted during the present investigation was fitted using different COD concentration into the isotherm equation.
The studied adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption model with the correlation coefficient 0.9947 in Fig. 6.
The studied adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption model with the correlation coefficient 0.9947.
In the present investigation, the experimental data were tested with respect to the Langmuir isotherm.
The data obtained from the adsorption experiment conducted during the present investigation was fitted using different COD concentration into the isotherm equation.
The studied adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption model with the correlation coefficient 0.9947 in Fig. 6.
The studied adsorption data fitted well to Langmuir adsorption model with the correlation coefficient 0.9947.
Online since: December 2021
Authors: Andrey N. Dmitriev, Galina Yu. Vitkina, Roman V. Alektorov
It is possible to pinpoint the actual location and shape of the cohesion zone in the blast furnace using experimental data on the temperatures of the beginning of softening and melting of iron ore materials.
Alekseev [15] first obtained experimental data on the temperatures of the beginning of softening and melting of iron ore materials, taking into account the degree of reduction.
Data were recorded in the range of angles from 5° to 90° in steps of 0.021° to 2θ and a point hold time of at least 2963 s.
The phase compositions and crystal structures of the samples were determined from X-ray diffraction data using the International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD) PDF4 database.
Borisenko, Selection of the operating mode of BLT using the data on gas distribution on the grate and the shape of the melting zone in the lower part of the furnace, Metallurgist, 11 (2017) 40-46
Alekseev [15] first obtained experimental data on the temperatures of the beginning of softening and melting of iron ore materials, taking into account the degree of reduction.
Data were recorded in the range of angles from 5° to 90° in steps of 0.021° to 2θ and a point hold time of at least 2963 s.
The phase compositions and crystal structures of the samples were determined from X-ray diffraction data using the International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD) PDF4 database.
Borisenko, Selection of the operating mode of BLT using the data on gas distribution on the grate and the shape of the melting zone in the lower part of the furnace, Metallurgist, 11 (2017) 40-46