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Self-lubricating materials are ideal for reducing maintenance and for use in wear locations where access is restricted.
Experiments Materials.Both aluminum foam(Al foam) and polyformaldehyde(POM) are commercially available.
Reference [1] Nihad Dukhan,Nassif Rayess,James Hadley,Mechanics of Materials .42(2010)134-141 [2] Banhart,Baumeister,J.Mater.Sci.33(1998)1431-1440 [3] Daniel R.A.Cluff,E Shahrzad Esmaeili,J.
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,Gibson,Part I.Modeling.Int.J.Mech.Sci.43(2001)681-699 [12] Shixi Wang,Zhihu Li,Hongwei Wang,Function Materials.42(2011)921-924

Data output of the index system The initial data are available from Jinan Statistical Yearbook and Oingdao Statistical Yearbook scanning from 2004 to 2009, and other relevant statistics information published by governmental departments.Since the initial data’s dimension ranges from material object, magnitude of value to quantity per capita, and percentum, it is actually difficult for direct calculation.
On the contrary, Qingdao’s industrialization level is higher while the tertiary industry lags behind, which actually confines its further development of urban economy. 3.3.Technological level (TL) evaluation Science and technology is well known as the first productive forces, which in fact has multiplication effect on urban competitiveness contribution and is thereby proved to be an energetic driving factor.
Considering such factors as economy, science and technology, infrastructure, openness, environment competitive force, Jinan and Qingdao speaking for Shandong peninsular-based inland and coastal urban agglomeration individually should cooperate in larger scope and deeper extent.
Reference [1] Yang Dongmei, Mu Fanghua: Shandong’s Urban Competitiveness Evaluation and Empirical Analysis , Journal of Shandong Social Science(2005) [2] Tan Wei, Wei Lu, Meng Yanli:Applied Research of Urban Competitiveness Model Based on AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation,Journal of Resource Environment and Engineering(2008) [3] Lu Xingen, Xu Bin:China’s Urban Competitiveness Study: the Comparative Research of Ningbo City and Others,Journal of Zhejiang Wanli Institution Journal(2003) [4]Yu Yubing, Cao Weidong:The Comparative Research of Cities in Anhui Province ,Journal of Land and Natural Resource Research( 2007)

Introduction Functional gradient material (FGM) is a new type of composite materials which is made of mixture of ceramic and metal. 
The results  indicate that the changes of thermophysical properties of materials will affect the load response strongly.
Physical parameters of functional gradient materials Consider a functional gradient material shallow conical shell of which the upper surface is made of ceramics, the lower surface of which is made of metal, and the middle part is made of mixture of these two kinds of materials as shown in Fig.1(a).
(a) (b) Fig.1 Geometry and load of FGM shallow conical shells Functional gradient materials (FGMs) belong to inhomogeneous material and its components change with the space coordinates.
Nonlinear Dynamic Stability of Functionally Graded Cylindrical Shells Under Step Loads, Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2009, 37(12):132 – 139.

Particularly, owing to tetragonal distortion, those materials are exhibiting dielectrical properties under application of external electric field as a result of having net permanent dipole moment.
Small, homogenous and spherical particles are important criteria for dielectrical applications because of the shape and morphology of particles can affect the chemical and physical properties of materials [4].
Methodology and Materials Step 1: Preparation of NiTiO3.
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The thin wire material was aluminum.
We chose pork meat as the material for studying the softening effect on edible meat.
Hokamoto, Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena in Materials II, Materials Science Forum (Volume 566), November 2007,pp. 361-372 [4] Yoshikazu HIGA, Hirofumi IYAMA, Ken SHIMOJIMA, Atsushi YASUDA, Osamu HIGA, Ayumi TAKEMOTO and Shigeru ITOH, Computational Simulation for Evaluation of Food Softening Treatment Vessel using Underwater Shockwave, ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference PVP2016 PVP2016-63530 Aug,2016 [5] Ken SHIMOJIMA, Yoshikazu HIGA, Osamu HIGA, Ayumi TAKEMOTO, Hirofumi IYAMA, Atsushi YASUDA, Toshiaki WATANABE and Shigeru ITOH, Visualization of Shock Wave Propagation Behavior of the General-Purpose Batch Processing for Pressure Vessel by Numerical Simulation, ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference PVP2016 PVP2016-63510 ,Aug,2016 [6] Ken Shimojima,Yoshikazu Higa,Osamu Higa,Atsushi Yasuda,Ayumi Takemoto,Shigeru Itoh,Hirofumi Iyama,Toshiaki Watanabe,Development of Prototype Machine for Food Processing by Underwater Shock Wave
, The 2nd International Conference on Engineering Science and Innovative(ESIT 2016), Phuket, Thailand, April 21 - 23 (2016),PaperID:No.12,PP.360-365 [7] Yoshikazu HIGA,Hirofumi IYAMA,Ken SHIMOJIMA,Atsushi YASUDA,Osamu HIGA, Ayumi TAKEMOTO,Shigeru ITOH,Computational Simulation of Shock Wave Propagation Characteristics in Foods,The 2nd International Conference on Engineering Science and Innovative(ESIT 2016), Phuket, Thailand, April 21 - 23 (2016),PaperID:No.13,PP.366-371 [8] O.
Itoh; Effects of Improving Current Characteristics of Spark Discharge on Underwater Shock Waves, The International Journal of Multiphysics, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.245-252, 2014

By STM, clear atomic and molecular images of conductive material surface are obtained.
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In numerical calculation, the thermal physical properties of material were treated as the function of temperature.
Acknowledgements This project has been supported by the Province Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan (2007A00152) and the Youth Natural Science Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology (2006-33).
[2] WANG Jing, CHEN Nailu, ZHANG Weimin, YUAN Jian, Numerical simulation of heat transfer coefficient during gas quenching process, Materials & Heat Treatment, Heat Machining Technics. 36(2007)70-75
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[6] DONG Dashan, SUN Ruzhong, QIAO Zhen, Using DEFORM for numerical simulation of CCT curve, Journal of Shanghai Maritime University. 31 (2010) 61-65.

Dasgupta, A look into Cu-based shape memory alloys: Present scenario and future prospects, Journal of Materials Research, 2014, vol. 29, p. 1681
Morgan, Medical shape memory alloy applications-the market and its products, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2004, vol. 378, pp. 16-23
Ren, Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys, Progress in materials science, 2005, vol. 50, pp. 511-678
Russell, et al., Martensitic microstructures and mechanical properties of as-quenched metastable β-type Ti–Mo alloys, Journal of Materials Science, 2016, vol. 51, pp. 6886-6896
Frenzel, et al., Microstructural evolution and functional fatigue of a Ti–25Ta high-temperature shape memory alloy, Journal of Materials Research, 2017, vol. 32, pp. 4287-4295

A cavity within a dielectric material is a highly stressed area and the ideal place for starting partial discharge and breakdown.
The model is made of a homogenous solid dielectric material of 3mm thickness and 9mm diameter.
From Fig. 2a, the electric field inside the cavity is higher than the surrounding material due to lower permittivity compared to the insulator material.
Vahabi-Mashak, Study on Effect of Size and Location of Void on Electric Field and Potential Distributions in Stator Bar Insulation with finite-element-model, Life Science Journal, 2013, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2036-2041
Vahabi-Mashak, Three-Dimensional Potential and Electric Field Distributions in HV Cable Insulation Containing Multiple Cavities, Advanced Materials Research, 2014, vol. 845, pp. 372-377

Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51079077).
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Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 26(2): 391–396.
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