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Given the need for experimental data on tool forces, the machine was designed with the aim of providing accurate force measurement for a range of materials.
The x and y axes are formed from two parallel hardened steel shafts, and are driven by ballscrews with co-axially mounted servo-motors driving the shaft via a planetary gearbox with reduction of 7:1.

In order to get results as accurate as possible a particular attention has been paid to analysis conditions by EPMA and a data treatment of concentration profiles has been developed.
This enables a reduction in intensity and an increase in beam current permitting to reduce the noise on the Ni, Pt, and Pd concentration profiles.

(Fig.3d).Due to the core expansion the distance between the surface layer «segments» increases,resulting in expansion of the «springs».Their expansion reflects the reduction of the compressive stresses in the surface layer.Fig.4 shows the development of surface stresses during Intensive Quenching.The main feature of the Intensive Quenching method is to interrupt rapid cooling of the workpiece at the moment when compressive stresses on the surface are at maximum.The martensite phase advance ceases resulting in no further core «swelling»,and compressive stresses in the surface layer are maintained.
Fig.5 shows the algorithm for automatic control of the quenching intensity i.e.of heat extraction during quenching a batch of workpieces.The required hardness at the specified cross-section location is the most important information of the input data.

When chloride content near the steel in the concrete reaches a threshold value, the steel is activated and starts to corrosion, which can cause a subsequent reduction in strength and serviceability, and may need early repair or premature replacement of the structure.
There are some factors that interfere with simple interpretation of diffusion data.

Using explosives for their destruction is not appropriate due to reduction of method cost efficiency, increase in the specific pollution indexes with the gaseous-dust components of suspended material, noise effect from the explosion and danger for the service staff from the possible fragment distribution.
On the basis of the experimental data the recommendations for the destruction of oversized rocks and splitting off the rock massive have been developed.

Additional statistical data shows that in the past two decades, 139 major accidents took place, involving 930000 deadweight tons and causing 254 deaths [5].
Currently, both the domestic society and the international community are paying more and more attention to marine environmental preservation, thus, the rescue and salvage system has already made prevention and reduction of marine pollution another major task besides life salvage, and the system is now playing a main role in the fulfillment of such tasks.

There was a very small reduction in the thickness of the disk after processing due to the very high pressure used in the experiments.
Microhardness measurements were taken across the surface of each disk with an increment of 0.6 mm between the datum points on both axes, X and Y.
The total number of microhardness measurements covering the surface of each disk was 227 datum points.

The last element in the chain is the ADC, which converts the output of the pulse-shaping amplifier in a digital number for further processing in the data acquisition.
Results of simulation: a) ENC as a function of peaking time, b) ENC and gain as a function of temperature: QIN=10fC, RL=1MΩ, CL=2,5pF, c) gain versus of the input charge: RL=1MΩ, CL=2,5pF, d) ENC and power as a function of resistance loads: QIN=10fC, CL=2,5pF ENC increases at reduction resistance loads (Fig. 4, d).

The microscopic examinations include thermal, chemical, kinetics, and mineral data.
In flameless combustion technique, due to oxygen concentration reduction in the reaction zone, combustion spreads over a large volume, peak temperature decreases, heat flux and thermal efficiency increase and stable combustion is observed.

Specifically, under tensile loading, the presence of mechanical constraints led to a notable increase in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength as the gap size decreased, accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in fracture strain.
The load and displacement data were recorded continuously throughout the test and the engineering stress (σ) and engineering strain (ε) were calculated from them.