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In the absence of experimental data, a mechanical model of linearly gradient thickness (LGT) disk springs was built utilizing the cylindrical coordinate system and the theory of plates and shells.
A theoretical investigation that expands on Almen-Laszlo, Curti, and Rosa's work was suggested and the finite element simulation data was used to validate the theoretical model, [9].
This stress is reduced in value when goes deeply through the thickness of the disc, till reach the minimum value at the middle section of the thickness, because of the thickness reduction makes the bending moment arm smaller, and therefore gives lower bending stress, in addition to the interaction with the reflected stress coming from residual stress indicated by the material stiffness and the lower surface of the support location, which are highly minimized or vanished the subject load at the center of the disc section as indicated by the blue color, (the lowest stress value).

A data acquisition system was used to record the load at regular intervals during the tests.
The nominal bearing buckling strength (PASb) per web for square and rectangular hollow sections can be expressed in equation (3): (3) where d is the overall depth of the web, re is external corner radius, αc is the member slenderness reduction factor as defined in the AS 4100 Standard [6] and bb is defined in equations (4) and (5): for end loading condition (4) for interior loading condition (5) The design of web yielding was based on plastic mechanism analysis by Zhao and Hancock [9, 10].

The percentages of relative seed germination (RSG), relative root growth (RRG) and the germination index (GI) after sewage extract exposure were calculated as follows [11]: RSG (%) = RRG (%) = GI (%) = Table 1 Summary of seed germination test conditions Seed germination test Test type Static Pre-treatment No Temperature 25 ± 2℃ Humidity 50-60% Light No Test vessel 100×10mm culture dish, Whatman N° 1filter paper Test volume 10mL/dish N° seeds 20/dish Replicates 5 Control Distillate water Test duration 72 h All data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS, SPSS Inc., USA), version 11.0, and SigmaPlot9.0 (Systat Software, Inc., USA).
In general, there was a reduction in root elongation in all assays involving sludges extracts (Table 5).

An Inherent Need for Competitiveness of Logistics Enterprises The data shows that the time used for production accounts for only about 10% of the total time used for a product coming from factory to a consumer, but the time used for logistics accounts for about 90%[5], so adopting new transportation technology can effectively reduce logistics cost.
Secondly, it brought forward the suggestion of railway noise pollution reduction, especially the freight trains noise pollution should be reduced by 50%.

Then, the columns are the only elements that can experience damage; the interaction and moment-curvature diagrams of them are the data needed to develop the Ruaumoko models.
Then, using in design process a double reinforcing steel percentage could produce important reductions in the elements and the structure mean damage.

For further quantitative analysis of the relationship between buildings damage and surface rupture, in accordance with the data of actual buildings damage and surface deformation measurement, the differential GPS survey about terrain and field survey about buildings damage were done in Shaba, Beichuan, its line profile and picture are shown in Fig.6.
[14] FANG Hai, LI Sheng-yu, et al. 2005.Research on earthquake-reduction design method of continuous girder bridges in a high-intensity earthquake area[J].

Introduction The traditional manufacturing in cities of developed countries and traditional industries in developing countries have problems, such as serious resource consumption, and serious pollution, resulting in gradual reduction, relocation, or disappear of these industries.
Microsoft Excel and SPSS11.5 are used to conduct the calculation, statistics and processing of relevant data.

Idler Shaft: The idler shaft is one of the components of compound pulley system that effects speed reduction during the operation of the machine.
The data obtained from the tests shows that the machine performed effectively with regards to grating process while the extraction process still has plenty of scope for improvement.

. %) Hardness [GPa]), Hv 13.5+ 2.64 Modulus of Elasticity [GPa], E 205+ 136.64 Density [kg/m3], r 6070+ 3927 Poisson’s ratio, n 0.25+ 0.33 Thermal Conductivity [W/m K], K 2.0+ 13.01 Specific heat [J/kg K], C 630+ - Note: The data marked by + came from the reference[13], while the rest were measured. 3.1 Wear and Friction of Ti–47Al–2Cr–0.2Mo Pins The mean wear losses of the Ti–47Al–2Cr–0.2Mo pins in different environments are shown in the Fig. 2.
The increased ductility contributed to reduction of the wear rate because the Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb underwent a brittle-to-ductile transition with increasing temperature.

Cu TaN TaN TiN Al2O3 Oxide Oxide Nitride Comparison of ALD Batch and Single Wafer Tools Table 3 provides a data sheet of comparison for the two tools.
There is a corresponding reduction in CoO from 14.6 €/wafer (200 mm) to 4.6 €/wafer mainly due to the increased throughput.