Search results

Fig. 1c indicates that compared the diffraction peaks with the standard diffraction card of polyaniline (JCPDS 38-1619), the product is polyaniline with the primitive monoclinic crystal structure.
And it is suggested that the same number of protons and electrons are involved in electrode reaction.

First, Nb2O5 was dissolved in hydrofluoric acid, followed by adding the ammonium oxalate solution to form Nb(OH)5 deposit, dissolved the proportionate raw materials Na2CO3, K2CO3, Li2CO3 and Nb(OH)5 deposit in citric acid solution respectively, mixed the four solutions together, injected ammonium hydroxide to adjust the PH value until the number equaled to 7.Then ethylene glycol was added as esterifying agent in the proportion 1:2 with citric acid, which used as coordination agent, after polyethylene glycol was added as dispersing agent, mixed the solution well, heated at the temperature of 80°C, until the gel formed, dried in air.
And the lattice constants a0, b0, c0 were calculated by the XRD data from Fig.2 to confirm the structure of gained NKLN powders, the standard card of orthorhombic KNbO3 (JCPDS NO. 71-2171) was used.

At first, the value of K can be derived from L and λ which can be known from the experiment; then the interplanar distance are represented by diffraction spots can be calculated according to ; at last, the crystal structure represented by diffraction pattern is determined by comparison with standard material powder diffraction card (JCPDS).
The existing of TiN nanoparticles in austenite matrix produces a large number of dislocations, which also improves the hardness and strength of the steel.

All the patterns can be indexed to single-phase with orthorhombic olivine-type structure (space group Pmnb), which corresponds to the standard value (JCPDS card number: 40-1499).

Up to now, a large number of superhydrophobic surfaces have been generated via fabrication of rough surface by etching, assembly, electrospinning, sol-gel processing, chemical vapor deposition, electrodeposition, and so on [7-11], followed by further chemical surface modification.
The peaks at 2θ values of 27.66º, 36.03º, 39.28º, 41.19º, 44.04º, 54.31º, 56.61º, 62.67º, 64.03º, 68.98º and 69.74º in pattern can be well indexed to diffraction from the (110), (101), (220), (111), (210), (211), (220), (002), (310), (301) and (112) of a pure rutile structure of TiO2, which is in good agreement with the standard date file (JCPDS Card File, 21-1276).

ZnO it has a large number of technological applications including a variety of sensors, such as bio-molecule sensor [1], ultraviolet detecto r[2] and chemical and gas sensors [3].
All the diffraction peaks in the result is according to the standard card (JCPDS 36-1451).

Additionally, because of a large number of unpaired electrons (as many as seven), the Gd3+ ion is strongly paramagnetic[5,6].
It was obviously that all diffraction peaks can be well indexed to the hexagonal rhabdophane-type GdPO4 hydrate (GdPO4·nH2O) phase (JCPDS card no. 39-0232), no additional phase was observed.

Comparing with the standard PDF cards, we can see that the diffraction peaks of all samples were in good with the Fe2O3(JCPDS NO. 33-0664), indicating that doping different rare earth materials didn’t change the phase of the matrix.
While, in the Fig.3 (c) (d), we can find a large number of rhombus too, but there were few boundaries between small particles.

In addition, the carbide inclusions in steel disappeared after the modification; and the number of nonmetallic inclusions decreased.
The JCPDS decryption database catalogs were used.
It was found out that the matrix of the investigated samples was austenitic with a dissolved carbon - phase (Fe, C) (cards № 31-0619, Fig. 1).

All the diffraction peaks were well indexed to pure hexagonal Wurtzite ZnO (JCPDS card no. 80-0075) with space group P63 mc (no. 186) having the lattice parameters a = 3.252(3) (Å), c = 5.208(6) (Å).
The amount of catalyst used is directly related to number of active sites in the reaction mixture.