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A number of methods have been developed to find more effective ways for recycling this byproduct, such as producing fermented feed, soy sauce, vinegar, activated carbon, organic fertilizer, microbial oils, biodegradable plastics, ethanol and biodiesel[3-7].
Youngmi Kim[13] et al. reports a complete compositional analysis on distiller's grains as well as a simulation of modified dry grind processes with recycle of distillers’ grains.
Dien[14] et al. conducts a study about enzyme characterization for hydrolysis of ammonia fiber explosion and liquid hot-water pretreated distillers’ grains.
Gried distillers’ grains with solubles after pretreatment are also evaluated for fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol.
a. waste distillers grains(WDG)(×2000) b. waste distillers grains(WDG) (×1000) c. acid hydrolysis residues (×2000) d. acid hydrolysis residues (1000) Fig.5.

The deformed state of the region of interest (Fig. 1) contains a number of interesting features related to the texture evolution taking place.
From inspection of the EBSD maps the grains of the <1120> fibre appear more stable in that they contain less evidence of orientation change than the grains of the <1010>fibre.
Not only have these grains rotated by a larger degree but also the GAM of the <1010> grains (Fig. 4) appears to be greater too.
With a greater degree of distortion the grains of the <1010> fibre could become preferred locations for Fig. 4 Grain Average Misorientation (GAM) angle distributions for grains of (red) and (blue) fibres after 10% strain.
Conclusions -Prismatic slip dominates deformation in most grains.

The detailed test plans of the resilient modulus of the selected three kinds of materials are shown in Table 3, in which, “number of test pieces = number of dry density levels × number of water content levels × number of comparative test pieces.
It is known from the analysis of data in the Table 4: (1) The ratio of fine-grained soils (FZ and NZ) on the dry side of OMC is higher than coarse-grained soils (SL), but that on the wet side is lower, which indicates that the influence of water to fine-grained soils, in relative terms, is more notable than coarse-grained soils
Tab.4 Ratio of Resilient Modulus between OMC±3% and OMC stress level OMC-3% OMC+3% fine-grained coarse-grained fine-grained coarse-grained σd(kPa) σ3(kPa) FZ NZ SL FZ NZ SL 55 60 1.53 1.49 1.36 0.48 0.40 0.85 55 45 1.58 1.49 1.37 0.45 0.38 0.85 55 30 1.61 1.50 1.39 0.39 0.35 0.84 55 15 1.66 1.50 1.42 0.35 0.32 0.83 Humidity adjustment coefficient of subgrade resilient modulus Definition of humidity adjustment coefficient.
After regression analysis, this paper respectively makes recommendation of model parameters of fine-grained soils and coarse-grained soils, as shown in Table 5.
(2) The subgrade resilient modulus of different soil types are all sensitive to the variation of water content, and the influence of water to fine-grained soils subgrade is more notable than coarse-grained soils.

Crystallite and grain sizes are obtained through XRD and SEM.
By increasing the number of coating cycles grain coarsening takes place and the grain size increases from 54nm for 3 coating cycles to 92 nm for 10 coating cycles, which is in agreement with the crystallite size calculated from XRD analysis.
Fig 2 shows the mass percent and the visual grain size of films as a function of the number of coating cycles.
As Grain size increases with the thickness which results in lower resistivity due to higher number of carrier concentration present.
Crystallite size and grain size determined by XRD and SEM.

At 1100℃, the average grain size is about 17µm, and most grains are in a uniform size, while a few large grains with irregular shape are also identified.
When the temperature is at 1160℃, the grains are uniform and the average grain size is about 28µm.
At 1180℃, the average grain size is further coarsened.
Fig. 6b is the microstructure at the strain of 40%, the number of large grains reduces and the sizes are more uniform.
The grain size reduces during the process.

The magnesium alloy with the initial microstructure of fine grains (about 3mm) together with little dislocations inside deformed by dislocation and grain boundary sliding mechanisms, accompanied with little change of crystal orientation, but a large increase of hardness.
It is known that due to the lack of sufficient number of slip systems associated with hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, magnesium alloys with coarse grain deforms by twinning and dislocation slipping mechanisms where twinning lead to orientation change and may activate other slip systems [5].
On the other hand, the annealed magnesium alloys with fine grain of 1 μm deform by grain boundary sliding at room temperature [6].
The AZ31 magnesium alloy lying in solid solution-SPD state showed the initial microstructures of fine grains/twins with the grain/twin size of about 3mm.
The AZ31 magnesium alloy lying in solid solution-SPD-annealing (433K) had the initial microstructures of fine recrystallization grains with the grain size of about 3mm.

Quite a number of models have been developed over several decades ago, involving particle rearrangement and grain growth during sintering, such as monte carlo, molecular dynamic, finite element analysis, discrete element method, field variable model and the combination of them.
and the coefficients for volume and grain boundary diffusion, respectively, and the width of grain boundary.
An alternative method is to estimate the apparent sintering activation energy on the basis of the MSC itself through determining the minimum of the mean residual squares (sum of residual squares divided by total number of data points).
The model indicates that a powder with discrete particles below 50nm is needed to produce an average grain size of less than 100nm.
In the grain growth behavior research, the MSC equations are also further modified to include the effect of the solid volume fraction on the grain growth constant.

By first taking the Grain boundary Discarded data Blank pixels (No data) Grain boundary Grain boundary Discarded data Discarded data Blank pixels (No data) Grain boundary Fig. 2 Schematic drawing of the averaging of crystal orientation map.
Therefore, the number of pixels was reduced to 90 × 93 with a step size of 7.5µm.
Most noticeable is the significant deformation heterogeneity at the microstructural level, either between grains or within individual grains.
It can be clearly seen that some grains have regions where the local strain exceeds 9% whilst other regions of grains show less than 1% strain.
Although peak strains often coincide with regions near a grain boundary, highly strained regions also seem to exist in the central regions of the grains.

The microhardness of the material at the surface is high compared to the core of the material, this is due to grain refinement the large elongated grains are refined into small grains on the surface layer after peening.
OA is a matrix of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
Before peening has the grain size of 2.8µm after peening has the grain size of 2.5µm.
Continuous striking of the sample surface with ball leads to larger grains are elongated into the smaller grains.
Based on this operation the best optimized result comes, when the Speed is 200 rpm, Diameter of ball is 10mm, and the number of balls are 100.

The phase compositions of specimens were analyzed by X-ray diffusion and the tridymite crystal morphology and grain sizes were observed by SEM.
When adding 2.5% MoSi2, the precipitation of CaMoO4 phase reduces the O/Si ratio in the liquid phase, and promotes the generation of tridymite, so the number of tridymite increase, but the crystal size decreases.
When the O / Si ratio is about 2.16-2.23, the liquid will form a large number of silica tetrahedral anion complexes, their short-range order are similar to the crystal lattice structure of α-tridymite, so the tridymite crystallized from the liquid phase more easily[4].
It can be observed from the figures that each sample generated tridymite with different grain sizes and varying crystal growth degrees.
(2) The tridymite formation amount increases when adding a small amount of MoSi2, but the grain size decreases, and by adding the more MoSi2 adding, the finer tridymite grain growing.