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The reduction in risk of corrosion is able to extend the inspection plan for several years.
σ0=σH=PD2(tm) (2) The minimum thickness, [tm] is the result of a reduction in nominal thickness, [t], or of thinning due to corrosion.
Corrosion Rate Threshold In Table 3 has been obtained the maximum of thinning due to corrosion with corresponding data from of each pipeline system considered.
The risk reduction method is denoted as a new strategy of inspection planning of pipeline system.
The reduction in risk of corrosion is able to extend the inspection plan for several years.

The tag can not function in an excessively curving case, since the deviation of the antenna resonant frequency from working frequency makes a reduction in inductive energy supplied by a transmitter.
Analytically, it is found that a reduction in central distance, which is determined by column radius and curving angle, between compound straight tracks leads to the decreasing of overall antenna-coil inductance after the curving of the tag.
The measured data show an increase of about 0.5 pF in the antenna-coil capacitance while the tag is folded face-to-face.
In Fig. 2C, the measured data are marked with dots; the calculated values with the curving turn exponent of 1.78 are plotted with lines.
Analytically, it is found that the decreasing of overall antenna-coil inductance results from a reduction in straight-track inductance after the curving of an RFID tag.

Data obtaining and eco-service evolutions.
Based on interpretation of the Landsat TM /ETM+ imageries for this region obtained in 2008, and with the complementary data interpreted on the 2.5m-resolution images integrated by panchromatic and multiband data from sensor ALOS, the data of urban greenspaces were extracted from vector data of land use in the Yangtze River Delta under the help by groundtruthing the study region.
This study adopted these data to calculate that fluoride absorption and NOx absorption by urban forests were 77t and 230t yearly in the Yangtze River Delta.
Synthesized numerous studies data, urban forest could detent dust of average10.9 t/hm2.a that is much more than dust detention of grassland with average 1.2kg/hm2.a.
This paper adopted unit price system of ecosystem service valuation based on specialist acknowledge, whose data were calculated by Xie et al. [13].

Using measurements data, carried out during the experiment on real bridge structures, in situ, one can estimate the structural parameters of the bridge.
The obtained results of the updated model are useful in the process of further validation of a simulated damage test data.
The aim is to identifying damage by fitting the numerical model to real data, followed by optimization techniques, [7].
These error functions are given by the discrepancy between the predicted response and the measured NDT data of the FE model.
M., Structural parameter estimation incorporating modal data and boundary conditions, Journal of Structural Engineering. 125 (1999) 1048-1055

Data from customers’ chemicals consumption in 2012 is used to conduct the inventory order up to level (OUL) for planning chemicals delivery to customers.
Then, the research tests the delivery plan by using Monte Carlo simulation compared to the actual operation data from January to June 2013.
VMI system is a kind of inventory management system which utilizes data exchange between vendors and customers [1].
In the VMI system, vendors will be in charge of managing customers’ inventory by using demand and inventory level data from customers to plan the appropriate inventory for customers.
Therefore, if there is a delivery plan that can maximize delivery trucks usage by integrating five customers together, the company will benefit from the delivery-cost reduction.

However, when he was below 100µm, the fractured rates increased with a decrease in he. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 he (((( um)))) Rate of fractured grits (%) Fig.9 The rates of fractured grits on different parts of a bead Fig.10 The rate of fractured grits versus grit exposing height (each data point averaged from two beads) Stress Analysis of a Brazed Grit in Cutting Fig. 11a schematically shows forces acting on a brazed grit in chip forming.
Consequently, σmax reduced and led to the reduction of the fracture resistance of the brazed grit.
However, when he was lower than 100µm, the grit fracture rate increased with the reduction of he.
This difference was due to the great reduction of σmax.
As a result, the grit was severely degraded and led an obvious reduction of σmax.

Based on the recent research at home and abroad and the local meteorological data, this study aims to determine the optimum tilt angle of the solar-cell array surface and the best month on the system to achieve the optimal design of PV system.
The indoor and local river data of the experiment shows that this system has an evident effect on water decontamination.
The data to demonstrate the system is shown in Table5.
Based on the recent research at home and abroad and the local meteorological data , this study aims to determine the optimum tilt angle of the solar-cell array surface, the scale of photovoltaic system.
The indoor and local river data of the experiment shows that this system has an evident result in water decontamination.

Laboratory compression and tensile tests have been coupled with relaxation tests in order to achieve robust data about strain rate sensitivity m-coefficient and activation energy Q.
Essentially, the envelope and powder undergo a photographic reduction in shape.
Nevertheless all the tests were used in a single elaboration comprising all the data from the three techniques to obtain a “global-model”.
It has to be pointed out that, for the relaxation curve, only data from the first 180 seconds has been taken in consideration.
Tab. 3: Results from the elaboration of the experimental data from powder materials T (K) Compression) (Tensile) (Rd^2= (Relaxation) m (Mean) Q KJ/mole (Mean) Rd2 m Q KJ/mole Rd2 m Q KJ/mol Rd2 m Q KJ/mole 1173- 1273 0.98 0,35 251 0.93 0,24 212 0.89 0,39 210 0,28 224 1273 - 1373 0.89 0,30 159 0.85 0,29 161 * * * 0.29 160 Tab. 4: All the data (three techniques) multi-linear correlation analysis -results from the elaboration of the experimental tensile, compression and relaxation data for powder materials T (K) B m Q (KJ/mole) Experimental Q (KJ/mole) Literature Ref. [36, 37 ,38]) Rd2 1173-1273 2.72 0,32 243 240 -250 0,90 1273-1373 4.09 0,29 148 150 0,78 From the data of Tab.4 it has been possible to elaborate two Dorn-equations, Tab.5, that have significance respectively in a temperature range of 1173-1273K and 1273-1373 K and strain rate έ=0.01 - 1 s-1.

The laboratory tri-axial compression results of marble was analyzed, and the calibration of the micro-properties of BMP (Bonded particle model ) in PFC2D with the test data was carried out successfully.
The reduction in strength is governed by such factors as joint geometry configuration, and intact rock properties and discontinuities properties[1].
These test clearly indicated that a reduction in rock mass strength and modulus occurs with increasing size within a certain range.
The width, length, angle and properties of pre-existing fissure influence cracking propagation mode and finally determine the strength reduction from intact rock.
We introduce the laboratory tri-axial compression result of marble, the calibrated the micro-properties of BMP with the test data, the numerical simulated experiment of tri-axial compression well match the test data.

This consisted on calculating the thermal data with a fine mesh (lower CPU time cost) while the mechanical data was calculated with a bigger element mesh (bigger CPU time cost).
This implied a reduction of 1/3 in CPU time for the rotary extrusion model.
This roller achieved an accurate final geometry and an increased material flow of 10mm was obtained as shown in the data annexed to Fig. 7.
A reduction of 1/3 in the CPU time was achieved.
The requirements for a rotary extrusion machine will be obtained thanks to the data acquired from the simulation work and the experimental tests.