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The subscript numbers of the array are determined by the coordinates of the left lower corner of cubes (re.
Its value is the subscript number in the array for the cube whose coordinate of left lower corner is (x, y, z). b is the length of cubes.
Atoms affecting a are within the 27 cubes and these cubes are determined by the combinations of subscript numbers from i-1 to i+1, j-1 to j+1, k-1 to k+1.
At the early stage the numbers of atoms are rather small, and the running times of both methods are approximately equal.
Kinetic exponents of the grain growth.

This research aimed to investigate, with the aid of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the influence of the use of three load cycles to obtain the modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to grain (Ec0), in tensile parallel to the grain (Et0), in bending (Em) and in compression perpendicular to the grain (Ec90) of Angico Preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa) wood specie.
For the number of cycles and stiffness were manufactured 12 samples, totaling 144 specimens.
Material and Methods The properties of Angico Preto wood specie used in evaluating the influence of the number of load cycles (1, 2, 3) were the modulus of elasticity in compression (Ec0) and in tensile (Et0) parallel direction to the grain, in bending (Em) and in the normal compression to the grain (EC90), obtained according to the assumptions and methods of calculation of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190 [7].
By number of load cycles and property of stiffness investigated were fabricated 12 samples, totaling 144 specimens.
ANOVA results for the factor number of load cycles.

It is only valid when the final grain size is much larger than the initial grain size as in titanium alloy and ultrafine grain steel weldment [3, 4].
MC technique is used to simulate the grain growth evolution in HAZ.
Table 1 Data used for the calculation of thegrain growth kinetics of SUS316 [4,5] Nomenclature Value Initial average grain size, L0 22[μm] Activation enthalpy for grain growth, Q 1.245e5 [J/mol] Grain boundary energy,γ 1[J/m 2 ] Lattice point spacing, λ 20[μm] Avagadro's number, Na 6.02e23[/mol] Planck's constant, h 6.624e-34[ Js] Model constant number, K1 0.93 Model constant number, n1 0.46 Melting point, Tl 1573[K] Results and discussion The heat transfer and fluid flow model is employed to simulate the heat and mass transfer of GTAW process of stainless steel SUS316.
But the average of the grain size in HAZ is much smaller.
The temperature gradient existing in one grain and between neighbour grains resists the grain growth at certain extent.

Material For this study we used a 2 dimensional, columnar structured Al foil (Fig.1); a material that has been used for a number of grain growth studies as the geometry of grains is much simpler than that of 3 dimensional polycrystalline aggregates.
Grain reconstruction and grain size determination We used the standard procedure of grain reconstruction available in the Channel 5 software (HKL Technologies, Denmark).
(2) detection of grains; to detect grains the user defines a critical misorientation angle α'.
It should be noted that the number of grains detected using the EBSD analysis technique is in most cases below 2000 grains.
Here the slope is generally smaller. 250 Table 1 Grain size measurements according to optical and EBSD analysis; N signifies number of grains.

Detection Method for Mycotoxin Exists In Grain Ruili-Pei 1,a, Jiapeng-Liu 2,b and Ying-Wang 2,c 1 Hebei Province Grain and Oil Quality Testing Center, China 2 Beijing Huaan Maico Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China a lpx13273101336@163.com Keywords: Mycotoxin, Detection Method, Grain Abstract.
In this paper, the harm of mycotoxin for grain was analyzed.
Up to now, the number of AFT that had been identified reached more than 20 kinds.
In recent years, the China’s grain yield is maintained in one trillion jins or so, if the un-edible amount of grain whose mycotoxins exceed the standard fixed at 1% , the annual grain loss will about ten billion jins.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and chemiluminescence in immunological assay have higher sensitivity and specificity, and are suitable for small and medium-sized laboratory to detect a large number of samples.

Table 1 Table of experimental burden Number addition of powder of rare earth, g/100g metal Average grain size ,μm Number addition of powder of rare earth, g/100g metal Average grain size , μm 1 0 — 5 2.5 1.47 2 0.5 0.46 6 0.5 3.41 3 2.5 0.46 7 2.5 3.41 4 0.5 1.47 Result and analysis of experiment Effect on content of inclusion adding Sm2O3 particle The adding particle must not make content of inclusion in steel increase obviously because it is not advantage to the performance of steel.
It can be seen that there is rare earth element Sm in inclusions and there is a lot of S and Mn in the inclusion number 1 that is sulphide inclusion and there is a lot of Mn and Si in the inclusion number 2 that is product of deoxidate.
Table 4 Effect on crystal grain degree of cast structure adding rare earth oxide Number addition of powder of rare earth, g/100g metal Average grain size ,μm grain degree Number addition of powder of rare earth, g/100g metal Average grain size ,μm grain degree 1 0 — 2.0 5 2.5 1.47 4.5 2 0.5 0.46 4 6 0.5 3.41 4 3 2.5 0.46 45 7 2.5 3.41 4.5 4 0.5 1.47 4 Effect on crystal grain size of rolled structure adding Sm2O3 particle The rolled structure without and with adding Sm2O3 particle are shown as Fig 4.
So size of crystal grain is refined.
a b c d e f g Fig. 4 Microstructures of hot-rolling 20# before and after adding Sm2O3 powders a Free-Sm2O3 particle; b Added 0.5% and 0.46μm Sm2O3; c Added 2.5% and 0.46μm Sm2O3;d Added 0.5% and 1.47μm Sm2O3;e Added 2.5% and 1.47μm Sm2O3;f Added 0.5% and 3.41μm Sm2O3; g Added 2.5% and 3.41μm Sm2O3 Table 5 Effect on crystal grain degree of rolled structure adding rare earth oxide Number addition of powder of rare earth, g/100g metal Average grain size ,μm grain degree Number addition of powder of rare earth, g/100g metal Average grain size ,μm grain degree 1 0 — 6.5 5 0.375 1.47 10.5 2 0.075 0.46 7.5 6 0.075 3.41 10 3 0.375 0.46 8.5 7 0.375 3.41 11 4 0.075 1.47 9.5 In short, considering Sm2O3 particle effecting on content of inclusion and size of crystal grain of cast structure and rolled structure, it can be seen that when size of the adding Sm2O3 particle is lower than 1.47 μm, the content of inclusion will not increase and the size of crystal grain

The ferrite grains were almost equiaxed and surrounded by high angle boundaries.
This grain refinement is likely to be caused by an increased number of nucleation sites for the transformation from austenite to ferrite due to the ultra-fast cooling.
The α grains were almost equiaxed with a low internal dislocation density.
Perhaps, a large amount of strain imparted in the deformed prior-γ is kept remained by the ultra-fast cooling until the temperature of samples decreases to the range in which α transformation becomes active, then the increased number of nucleation sites caused by the strain may result in the observed ultra-fine grain structure.
It is also thought that an internal nucleation of α in γ grains should play an important role in the grain refinement in this experiment.

Recrystallization and grain growth, together with phase transformations such as precipitation, are the fundamental processes of microstructural evolution which take place during the thermomechanical processing of engineering materials.
One of the main goals of this two-volume set is to show how to cover the entire set of reactions governing recrystallization and grain growth during industrial processing – termed through process modelling.
At the same time, it is important to improve the understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in transformations such as nucleation during recrystallization, grain boundary migration under the influence of various forces, and boundary interactions with solute atoms and particles.
There are also a number of papers which deal with new techniques such as laser ultrasonics and high-energy X-ray methods for characterizing deformation structures, recrystallization and grain growth during (in situ) heat treatment.
The reader will be able to find within these two volumes a wealth of up-to-date papers describing current issues, concepts, techniques and results which will, in turn, improve his understanding of recrystallization and grain growth.

However, if thermodynamic stabilization can be attained by reducing the grain boundary energy by segregation of solute atoms, a number of models [7-11] have predicted that a metastable equilibrium grain size can exist in alloy systems due to solute segregation to grain boundaries.
Grain growth in nanocrystalline Pd-19 at.% Zr.
Grain growth in nanocrystalline Fe and Fe – 4at.% Zr.
At 500oC some abnormal grain growth is observed with a few ~ 1 mm grains observed.
National Science Foundation under grant number DMR-0504286.

In this way, the number of nuclei per unit area on the grain surfaces can be approximated to the number of nuclei per unit area in the planes.
An estimated grain size of 50 μm should result.
It is clear that a larger number of nuclei, i. e. a larger number of nuclei per unit of grain boundary area produced results in agreement with Cahn’s theory [7].
Fig. 6c, which has fewer nuclei has coarser grains.
Conversely, when the number of nuclei increases the nuclei become close to each other, clustering on the grain faces.