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Online since: July 2014
Authors: Ji Wei Li
The data extracted by piezoelectric acceleration sensor is more intuitive, more convenient.
But this method can not realize long distance real time monitoring, there are some shortcomings such as the piezoelectric sensor is still the traditional connection mode, when the number of measuring point is more, the test operation time will be in short [10]; and like that only one sensor can be arranged in a cross section, which can only measure the parameters of a specific section of real-time monitoring, but the long distance real-time changes of the parameters along the line is in need; moreover the data processing must be carried on after the end of the test, which can not monitor in real time.
The development of science and technology provides the possibility for solving the above defects, the distributed optical fiber sensing technology with its unique advantage is particularly worthy of esteem[11]: it can realize remote measurement and monitoring; it can carry on the long distance test, it has high performance ratio; the optical fiber can all become sensitive element, which can acquire the distribution information of measured the sensing area in real time; it can process data in real time, and it can achieve truly real-time monitoring, timely finding and solving the potential problems and harm.
The experimental method obtains data through tests, analyzes vibration propagation and environmental impact through the data.
During the choice of building materials, it is necessary to choose some greater rigidity material, such as while selecting the materials of the ground, the hard materials can be chosen, such as cement floor and terrazzo floor, which have good vibration reduction effect.
But this method can not realize long distance real time monitoring, there are some shortcomings such as the piezoelectric sensor is still the traditional connection mode, when the number of measuring point is more, the test operation time will be in short [10]; and like that only one sensor can be arranged in a cross section, which can only measure the parameters of a specific section of real-time monitoring, but the long distance real-time changes of the parameters along the line is in need; moreover the data processing must be carried on after the end of the test, which can not monitor in real time.
The development of science and technology provides the possibility for solving the above defects, the distributed optical fiber sensing technology with its unique advantage is particularly worthy of esteem[11]: it can realize remote measurement and monitoring; it can carry on the long distance test, it has high performance ratio; the optical fiber can all become sensitive element, which can acquire the distribution information of measured the sensing area in real time; it can process data in real time, and it can achieve truly real-time monitoring, timely finding and solving the potential problems and harm.
The experimental method obtains data through tests, analyzes vibration propagation and environmental impact through the data.
During the choice of building materials, it is necessary to choose some greater rigidity material, such as while selecting the materials of the ground, the hard materials can be chosen, such as cement floor and terrazzo floor, which have good vibration reduction effect.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: De Liu
In this system,the literacy controller of SD card by SPI interface is designed based on FPGA.The overall design is realized in Nios II soft processor with C/C++ language,and the technology of First In First Out is used to solve timing problems,and then ultimately the overall design features are realized.This design takes advantages of the features of FPGA,which has reduction in development time,an efficient data processing,and other characteristics.The successful application in data storage collected by the audio chips shows that the design is feasible and valid.
In this system the SPI bus interface is used for data communication and FIFO technology is used to realize data clock synchronization, finally the SD card initialization and functions such as reading and writing operations are completed .
SPI interface controller Four lines is used by SPI interface:the serial clock line(SCK),the host input/slave output line(MISO),the host output/slave input line(MOSI) and the enable signal line(CS).FPGA is the host of the system.When the enable signal (CS) is low,data is sended in falling edge of the serial clock signal (SCK) and is read in rising edge.SPI is a ring bus structure as shown in Fig.2.When the CS signal is valid,the parallel data from the host is stored in the shift register and is converted into the serial data.Then the serial data is stored in SD card.At the same time the serial data in SD card is read and is converted into parallel data by the shift register when the CS signal is valid,then the parallel data is returned to the host.
Literacy controller The literacy controller has two components,the command controller and the data controller.Fig.3 is the block diagram of literacy controller.After the initialization,a written instruction or a read instruction is sended from the command controller to the SD card in the CS effective signal ( low level ) and waiting for the SD command response.When the SD command response is 0x00h,the status skips to the data controller.A data starting token (0xFE) was sended by the writing data controller after received the right writing command from the SD card and SD card is written into the corresponding data.Here the default data length is 512 byte,at the same time there are two bytes of CRC check bit.After finished these 512 bytes data,SD card come into the busy status and data write operation is completed.Read-write operation are inverse process, here no longer give necessary details.
The difference between the gathering rate of data and the reading and writing rate of SD card data maybe lead to discontinuous data or missing data.Increasing the reading and writing data cache can effectively solve this problem.When data is written or read,in order to avoid overflow or read in the empty state,it must be ensure that the FIFO can not be written in full state and can not be read in the empty state.The capacity of the buffer can be selected according to the rate of the data collected.The 16-bit width FIFO is used in this design.
In this system the SPI bus interface is used for data communication and FIFO technology is used to realize data clock synchronization, finally the SD card initialization and functions such as reading and writing operations are completed .
SPI interface controller Four lines is used by SPI interface:the serial clock line(SCK),the host input/slave output line(MISO),the host output/slave input line(MOSI) and the enable signal line(CS).FPGA is the host of the system.When the enable signal (CS) is low,data is sended in falling edge of the serial clock signal (SCK) and is read in rising edge.SPI is a ring bus structure as shown in Fig.2.When the CS signal is valid,the parallel data from the host is stored in the shift register and is converted into the serial data.Then the serial data is stored in SD card.At the same time the serial data in SD card is read and is converted into parallel data by the shift register when the CS signal is valid,then the parallel data is returned to the host.
Literacy controller The literacy controller has two components,the command controller and the data controller.Fig.3 is the block diagram of literacy controller.After the initialization,a written instruction or a read instruction is sended from the command controller to the SD card in the CS effective signal ( low level ) and waiting for the SD command response.When the SD command response is 0x00h,the status skips to the data controller.A data starting token (0xFE) was sended by the writing data controller after received the right writing command from the SD card and SD card is written into the corresponding data.Here the default data length is 512 byte,at the same time there are two bytes of CRC check bit.After finished these 512 bytes data,SD card come into the busy status and data write operation is completed.Read-write operation are inverse process, here no longer give necessary details.
The difference between the gathering rate of data and the reading and writing rate of SD card data maybe lead to discontinuous data or missing data.Increasing the reading and writing data cache can effectively solve this problem.When data is written or read,in order to avoid overflow or read in the empty state,it must be ensure that the FIFO can not be written in full state and can not be read in the empty state.The capacity of the buffer can be selected according to the rate of the data collected.The 16-bit width FIFO is used in this design.
Online since: May 2017
Authors: Olexandra Tymoshenko, Vasiliy Prokopenko
It is proved that the plant will be able to allocate the necessary investment funds if mineral ore reserves is processed with a reduction of its quality.
The mechanism of ensuring ecological and economic efficiency of the iron-ore deposit exploitation Table 1 gives the approximate data of Poltava MPP concerning the volume of fixed assets, which ensure its production capacity, efficiency of using funds in general and their individual kinds.
This reduction of capital productivity ratio must be set off by the introduction of additional funds specified by the capacity and the cost of extracting ore production processes into operation.
To compensate this reduction in t-th year, additional equipment should be installed in the amount equal to , where is capital productivity ratio of і-th type of equipment.
Using equations (4) - (6), we calculated the investment costs required to restore the pit fixed assets at different depths , departing from the data presented in Table 1.
The mechanism of ensuring ecological and economic efficiency of the iron-ore deposit exploitation Table 1 gives the approximate data of Poltava MPP concerning the volume of fixed assets, which ensure its production capacity, efficiency of using funds in general and their individual kinds.
This reduction of capital productivity ratio must be set off by the introduction of additional funds specified by the capacity and the cost of extracting ore production processes into operation.
To compensate this reduction in t-th year, additional equipment should be installed in the amount equal to , where is capital productivity ratio of і-th type of equipment.
Using equations (4) - (6), we calculated the investment costs required to restore the pit fixed assets at different depths , departing from the data presented in Table 1.
Online since: August 2015
Authors: Tri Hardi Priyanto, Parikin Parikin, Nurdin Effendi
Hot rolling process of A2D2 is performed by a reduction of 0.1 mm per pass of a certain thickness to achieve a thickness is about 7 mm or 70% thickness reduction.
Diffraction pattern of austenitic stainless steel a) before and after machining process. b) before and after hot rolling process for 70% thickness reduction. .
FWHM vs (hkl) of samples a) before and after machining process. b) before and after hot rolling process for 70% thickness reduction.
The data of the first three bragg peaks were recorded by “step-scanning” method in 2q ranges from 33° to 64° using 0.1° step scan, the measurements time is about 35 sec/ step.
Ä Ä Å Ä Ä Ä Ä Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Å Å Æ Figure 3 .a) Experimental and b) Calculated pole figures of (111), (200), and (220) after rolling process of 70% thickness reduction.
Diffraction pattern of austenitic stainless steel a) before and after machining process. b) before and after hot rolling process for 70% thickness reduction. .
FWHM vs (hkl) of samples a) before and after machining process. b) before and after hot rolling process for 70% thickness reduction.
The data of the first three bragg peaks were recorded by “step-scanning” method in 2q ranges from 33° to 64° using 0.1° step scan, the measurements time is about 35 sec/ step.
Ä Ä Å Ä Ä Ä Ä Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Å Å Æ Figure 3 .a) Experimental and b) Calculated pole figures of (111), (200), and (220) after rolling process of 70% thickness reduction.
Online since: July 2017
Authors: Antônio Augusto Couto, Danieli Aparecida Pereira Reis, Antônio Jorge Abdalla, Jorge Otubo, Francisco Piorino Neto, Adriano Gonçalves Reis
Data available on the mechanical properties of maraging steel at elevated temperature are very scarce.
Specialized applications of the steel, such as the motor case of a solid propellant rocket, occasionally demand short-time exposures at high temperatures and it is desirable to have data on the hot tensile behavior of the material during such service conditions [5-8].
Software Blue Hill 2.6 was used for data acquisition.
This reduction in ductility can be also shown by fractography analysis.
However, the plasma nitriding treatment decreased the ductility (reduction in area) by 36% as a result of premature cracking of the compound layer.
Specialized applications of the steel, such as the motor case of a solid propellant rocket, occasionally demand short-time exposures at high temperatures and it is desirable to have data on the hot tensile behavior of the material during such service conditions [5-8].
Software Blue Hill 2.6 was used for data acquisition.
This reduction in ductility can be also shown by fractography analysis.
However, the plasma nitriding treatment decreased the ductility (reduction in area) by 36% as a result of premature cracking of the compound layer.
Online since: March 2017
Authors: Mohamed Wahab Mohamed Hisham, Alinda Samsuri, Fairous Salleh, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Azizul Hakim, Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak, Norliza Dzakaria, Mohd Ambar Yarmo
For identification purposes of crystalline phase composition, diffraction pattern obtained were matched with standard diffraction data (JCPDS) files.
Results and Discussion According to the thermodynamic data, complete carburization of metallic Fe with carbon monoxide may occur in two possible equations that have been shown in the Table 1.
The TPR profile for Fe in non-isothermal reduction under 20 % CO in nitrogen is shown in Figure 1.
It was found that the carburization rate was affected by change of surface conditions and surface area by reduction, degradation, and cracks at high temperature [16].
The comparison of different temperature with the XRD data revealed that the carbon peak is obviously appear as temperature is 500 °C because of Boudouard reaction.
Results and Discussion According to the thermodynamic data, complete carburization of metallic Fe with carbon monoxide may occur in two possible equations that have been shown in the Table 1.
The TPR profile for Fe in non-isothermal reduction under 20 % CO in nitrogen is shown in Figure 1.
It was found that the carburization rate was affected by change of surface conditions and surface area by reduction, degradation, and cracks at high temperature [16].
The comparison of different temperature with the XRD data revealed that the carbon peak is obviously appear as temperature is 500 °C because of Boudouard reaction.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Hui Wang, Ping An Liu, Ling Ke Zeng, Yan Chun Liu, Wen Cheng Zhu, Xiao Su Cheng, Qian Ying Liang
Calculation and analysis for the Thermodynamic theory
XRD phase analysis
The synthesis process of titanium carbide produced by the carbon thermal reduction is a complex series of compounds.
According to the reaction equation of enthalpy delta △G0 [5] and standard state balance reaction temperature, to calculated from the reaction thermodynamics data of the materials, the results obtained are showed in table 3.
Table 3 Thermodynamic data of reactions △G0 (KJ/mol) T0(K) △G0(1)=258.12-0.199T 1297 △G0(2)=370.72-0.202T 1835 △G0(3)=224.76-0.162T 1387 △G0(4)=539.57-0.392T 1376 △G0(5)=264.56-0.210T 1260 △G0(8)=1354.15-0.965T 1403 △G0(10)=244.99-0.108T 2268 △G0(11)=314.60-0.214T 1470 △G0(12)=678.58-0.368T 1844 Mechanism of the microwave synthesis reaction of titanium carbide is concluded via analyzing the thermodynamic data and results of the XRD; When the temperature reaches to a value, the balance temperature to the lowest, and also the fastest one.
The thermodynamic analysis cannot be performed due to the lack of the thermodynamic data about γ-Ti3O5.
Comparing with conventional heating, the carbon thermal reduction reaction occurs through the heat source provided by microwave is much more different.the interphase is the Ti3O5 and γ-Ti3O5.when the microwave is used as the heat source.
According to the reaction equation of enthalpy delta △G0 [5] and standard state balance reaction temperature, to calculated from the reaction thermodynamics data of the materials, the results obtained are showed in table 3.
Table 3 Thermodynamic data of reactions △G0 (KJ/mol) T0(K) △G0(1)=258.12-0.199T 1297 △G0(2)=370.72-0.202T 1835 △G0(3)=224.76-0.162T 1387 △G0(4)=539.57-0.392T 1376 △G0(5)=264.56-0.210T 1260 △G0(8)=1354.15-0.965T 1403 △G0(10)=244.99-0.108T 2268 △G0(11)=314.60-0.214T 1470 △G0(12)=678.58-0.368T 1844 Mechanism of the microwave synthesis reaction of titanium carbide is concluded via analyzing the thermodynamic data and results of the XRD; When the temperature reaches to a value, the balance temperature to the lowest, and also the fastest one.
The thermodynamic analysis cannot be performed due to the lack of the thermodynamic data about γ-Ti3O5.
Comparing with conventional heating, the carbon thermal reduction reaction occurs through the heat source provided by microwave is much more different.the interphase is the Ti3O5 and γ-Ti3O5.when the microwave is used as the heat source.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Dong Ma, Lin Zhao, Chao Ma, Jun Cheng Hu, Ming Zeng
The scheme proposed by using the new calculation method is evaluated by using data from block SH2 in the HeNan oilfield.
It can be seen that: J is determined by the requirements of desired effects, Frr is obtained by the core displacement experiments and other related parameters are given by well logging data and field document.
From the well logging data, it can be known that: layer-1 is with high permeability which accounts for 60 percent water absorption of the block.
The basic block parameters are also from the data of HeNan oilfield listed in Table-1.
[2] Mennella A,Chiappa L,Bryant S L: Pore scale mechanism for selective permeability reduction by polymer injection, SPE 39634(1998)
It can be seen that: J is determined by the requirements of desired effects, Frr is obtained by the core displacement experiments and other related parameters are given by well logging data and field document.
From the well logging data, it can be known that: layer-1 is with high permeability which accounts for 60 percent water absorption of the block.
The basic block parameters are also from the data of HeNan oilfield listed in Table-1.
[2] Mennella A,Chiappa L,Bryant S L: Pore scale mechanism for selective permeability reduction by polymer injection, SPE 39634(1998)
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Joo Hwan Jang, Nam Yong Jee, Seung Yup Roh
Table 1 A Main Characteristic of BWM*
Item
High
Low
The Reduction Effect of Depth
○
The Economic Efficiency
○
The Accumulation of Construction Know-How
○
The Reduction Effect of Concrete Quantity
○
The Shortening Effect of Construction Duration
○
The Possibility of Remodel
○
The Possibility of Changeable Plan
○
The Occurrence Quantity of CO2
○
The Occurrence Quantity of Construction Waste
○
*this result on comparing BWM & LDWM
A Lightweight Dry Wall Method
The lightweight dry wall method (LDWM) is the apartment on compositing the only column & slab without a beam and on comparing the general rahmen structures, it can reduce the height like the height of beam and on exhausted the BWM, it has the merit to be secured the changeable of space section.
A Main Characteristic of LDWM* Item High Low The Reduction Effect of Depth ○ The Possibility of Changeable Plan ○ The Reduction Effect of Quantity of Field Wall ○ The Reduction Effect of Quantity of Concrete ○ The Quantity of CO2 Occurrence ○ The Economic Efficiency ○ The Extension of Building Life Cycle ○ The Occurrence Quantity of Construction Waste ○ *this result on comparing BWM & LDWM A Comparison of Each Method throughout the Field Data For comparing the LDWM & the BWM, it compared to select the field in South Korea to construct the LDWM and BWM together.
This was elevated the construction efficiency of frame construction on the easiness of workability because of reduction of complicated structure wall and the management of field was easy then the reduction of construction duration and productivity was up.
The Comparison of Economic efficiency of BWM and LDWM Description 74㎡ Type 84㎡ Type BWM LDWM Differ* Ratio BWM LDWM Differ. * Ratio Construction Finishing 12,901 55.2% 13,882 60.3% ▽981 107.60% 14,221 52.7% 16,044 60.5 ▽1,823 112.82% Frame 9,808 42.0% 8,564 37.2% △1,244 87,32% 12,007 44.5% 9,753 36.7% △2,254 81.23% G.S 651 2.8% 592 2.6% △59 90,93% 779 2.9% 724 2.7% △55 92.94% Sum 23,360 78.5% 23,038 77.6% △322 98.62% 27,007 78.9% 26,521 77.4% △486 98.20% Mechanic 3,667 12.3% 3,759 12.7 ▽92 102.51% 3,923 11.5% 4,032 11.7% ▽109 102.78% Electronic 2,730 9.2% 2,893 9.7% ▽163 105.97% 3,278 9.6% 3,714 10.8% ▽436 113.30% Total Sum 29,756 100% 29,690 100% ▽67 99.78% 34,208 100% 34,267 100% ▽59 100.17% *this data is to analyze selected field in the Kumho industrial E&C, South Korea.
A Main Characteristic of LDWM* Item High Low The Reduction Effect of Depth ○ The Possibility of Changeable Plan ○ The Reduction Effect of Quantity of Field Wall ○ The Reduction Effect of Quantity of Concrete ○ The Quantity of CO2 Occurrence ○ The Economic Efficiency ○ The Extension of Building Life Cycle ○ The Occurrence Quantity of Construction Waste ○ *this result on comparing BWM & LDWM A Comparison of Each Method throughout the Field Data For comparing the LDWM & the BWM, it compared to select the field in South Korea to construct the LDWM and BWM together.
This was elevated the construction efficiency of frame construction on the easiness of workability because of reduction of complicated structure wall and the management of field was easy then the reduction of construction duration and productivity was up.
The Comparison of Economic efficiency of BWM and LDWM Description 74㎡ Type 84㎡ Type BWM LDWM Differ* Ratio BWM LDWM Differ. * Ratio Construction Finishing 12,901 55.2% 13,882 60.3% ▽981 107.60% 14,221 52.7% 16,044 60.5 ▽1,823 112.82% Frame 9,808 42.0% 8,564 37.2% △1,244 87,32% 12,007 44.5% 9,753 36.7% △2,254 81.23% G.S 651 2.8% 592 2.6% △59 90,93% 779 2.9% 724 2.7% △55 92.94% Sum 23,360 78.5% 23,038 77.6% △322 98.62% 27,007 78.9% 26,521 77.4% △486 98.20% Mechanic 3,667 12.3% 3,759 12.7 ▽92 102.51% 3,923 11.5% 4,032 11.7% ▽109 102.78% Electronic 2,730 9.2% 2,893 9.7% ▽163 105.97% 3,278 9.6% 3,714 10.8% ▽436 113.30% Total Sum 29,756 100% 29,690 100% ▽67 99.78% 34,208 100% 34,267 100% ▽59 100.17% *this data is to analyze selected field in the Kumho industrial E&C, South Korea.
Online since: February 2012
Authors: Zhan Kui Wang, Yan Ling Zheng
Introduction
The planetary gear reduction unit is basic equipment in mechanic industry, especially widespread used in machine and equipment industry, which trends in development is miniature type , high speed, low noise, high reliability.
As the key part in planetary gear reduction unit, the design and manufacture quality of the planetary gear affects the reduction unit using.
For minimum optimistic question, it can be selected as follow: (5) Where, F is the object function The model and optimal design of planetary gear The optimal design of the planetary gear is to search the best parameters making the weight of reduction unit lightest in the same load-bearing.
It also can be used easily to exchange dynamic data with other software, so it was selected for programming work; the differential evolution algorithm is selected for solving this optimal problem.
Start Input data and conditions Solving using DE Output calculating results Store the results End Figure 1 The program diagram Figure 2 The program software Conclusion The optimal design model of 2KH planetary gear is established and its optimization problem is solved by using the DE algorithm and programmed by using programming language visual basic 6.0.
As the key part in planetary gear reduction unit, the design and manufacture quality of the planetary gear affects the reduction unit using.
For minimum optimistic question, it can be selected as follow: (5) Where, F is the object function The model and optimal design of planetary gear The optimal design of the planetary gear is to search the best parameters making the weight of reduction unit lightest in the same load-bearing.
It also can be used easily to exchange dynamic data with other software, so it was selected for programming work; the differential evolution algorithm is selected for solving this optimal problem.
Start Input data and conditions Solving using DE Output calculating results Store the results End Figure 1 The program diagram Figure 2 The program software Conclusion The optimal design model of 2KH planetary gear is established and its optimization problem is solved by using the DE algorithm and programmed by using programming language visual basic 6.0.