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Online since: September 2015
Authors: S.B. Arya, Ankit Kanaujia
The total polarization resistance was observed about 5530, 4030, 2465 and 2000 Ohms.cm2 in solutions of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 & 1.0 M NaCl respectively indicate reduction of film stability at higher chlorides concentration.
Nyquist plot shows a significant reduction of semicircle radius on addition of Cl- ions.
The fitting data tabulated by best fitting method using Randle circuit are shown in Table 2.
These impedance plots clearly shows a high influence of temperature on passivity due to a significant reduction in total passive film resistance (Rp) when temperature increased from 45˚C to 65˚C.
However, reduction of phase angles from 90˚ shows possibility of in homogeneities on the surface of passive films and high pores structure at higher temperature [7-8].
Nyquist plot shows a significant reduction of semicircle radius on addition of Cl- ions.
The fitting data tabulated by best fitting method using Randle circuit are shown in Table 2.
These impedance plots clearly shows a high influence of temperature on passivity due to a significant reduction in total passive film resistance (Rp) when temperature increased from 45˚C to 65˚C.
However, reduction of phase angles from 90˚ shows possibility of in homogeneities on the surface of passive films and high pores structure at higher temperature [7-8].
Online since: July 2014
Authors: S.P. Anbuudayasankar, H. Adithya Bhat, Kumar K. Krishna, Abishek V. Iyer
These auditing activities have to go through the following set of procedures to obtain the best possible data which have been shown in Fig.1.
Energy auditing process Data collection: Key areas within the complete process where energy is consumed in a foundry are identified, accounted and enlisted.
Analysis: The data collected for each enlisted energy consuming source is compared to a theoretical analysis that would have been conceived during the setting up of the foundry.
Implementing Green strategies in the Manufacturing Process Data collected from the case study performed in a foundry in Tamil Nadu, was used in identifying areas for implementing green strategies.
· Precast plank for flooring/roofing ensure 12% overall cost saving and 20% reduction in construction time [13]
Energy auditing process Data collection: Key areas within the complete process where energy is consumed in a foundry are identified, accounted and enlisted.
Analysis: The data collected for each enlisted energy consuming source is compared to a theoretical analysis that would have been conceived during the setting up of the foundry.
Implementing Green strategies in the Manufacturing Process Data collected from the case study performed in a foundry in Tamil Nadu, was used in identifying areas for implementing green strategies.
· Precast plank for flooring/roofing ensure 12% overall cost saving and 20% reduction in construction time [13]
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Ashot Tamrazyan
It is possible to reveal the influence of the dynamic effect on the reduction of the bearing capacity of the pylon and fire and columns of 40%.
Table 1 The results of the calculation of heating The Point of section 60 min 90 min 120 min 150 min 180 min 210 min 240 min Corner point(˚C) 934 999 1045 1079 1107 1131 1151 The middle of the side face (˚C) 868 950 1004 1044 1077 1103 1126 Reinforcement steel (˚C) 156 261 342 407 461 507 548 On the basis of temperature fields by using the Eq.1: N≤φ(γbtRbnAb+γstRbnAs) , (1) where and - reduction factors for concrete and reinforcement, following results were obtained calculating the pylon(Fig. 1) .
(4) Heating concrete over (100) ° C generally leads to defects in its structure and reduction in strength.
Fig. 2.Graph of the dynamics coefficient of concrete depending on temperature Generalizing the data obtained from the calculation of the bearing capacity of the column for four cases was built the following diagram (Fig.3).
Table 1 The results of the calculation of heating The Point of section 60 min 90 min 120 min 150 min 180 min 210 min 240 min Corner point(˚C) 934 999 1045 1079 1107 1131 1151 The middle of the side face (˚C) 868 950 1004 1044 1077 1103 1126 Reinforcement steel (˚C) 156 261 342 407 461 507 548 On the basis of temperature fields by using the Eq.1: N≤φ(γbtRbnAb+γstRbnAs) , (1) where and - reduction factors for concrete and reinforcement, following results were obtained calculating the pylon(Fig. 1) .
(4) Heating concrete over (100) ° C generally leads to defects in its structure and reduction in strength.
Fig. 2.Graph of the dynamics coefficient of concrete depending on temperature Generalizing the data obtained from the calculation of the bearing capacity of the column for four cases was built the following diagram (Fig.3).
Online since: March 2013
Authors: Dan Zhang
Activated carbon supported gold nanoparticles (Au/C) were prepared by a chemical reduction process using NaBH4 as a reducing agent.
The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data of the Au/C catalyst was collected using a D/Max-2200PC X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) at a step rate of 0.02 °/s.
Since no surface oxidation or reduction occurred in a relatively negative potential Fig. 2 XRD pattern of Au/C.
Q2: the amounts of electricity expended for reduction of gold oxides corresponding to the different positive potential limits.
ΔQ: the increment of Q2 between two adjacent positive limits corresponding to gold oxides reduction.
The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data of the Au/C catalyst was collected using a D/Max-2200PC X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) at a step rate of 0.02 °/s.
Since no surface oxidation or reduction occurred in a relatively negative potential Fig. 2 XRD pattern of Au/C.
Q2: the amounts of electricity expended for reduction of gold oxides corresponding to the different positive potential limits.
ΔQ: the increment of Q2 between two adjacent positive limits corresponding to gold oxides reduction.
Online since: September 2016
Authors: Mikhail S. Lipkin, M.S. Lipkin, V.I. Lachin
Selected current pulse mode effect corresponds to the reduction of the emergence of new centers of crystallization probability and the adatoms on the surface of the cathode movement probability.
The main focus of this improvement is the clarification of the conditions of reduction of dispersion of the resulting product.
Chronopotentiogramms of copper ions reduction and potential transient obtained on potentiostat P8-nano [24].
Mode 2: Pulse time less than the transfer time of the copper complex (I) reduction (point B in Fig. 1a.) and is equal to 0.8 sec.
Comparing the simulation results with the experimental data, we can conclude that the conditions for the complete consumption of the electroactive material into the electrode surface with preservation of the diffusion layer in the pause correspond to decrease of the probability of the emergence of new centers of crystallization and movement of the adatoms on the surface of the cathode.
The main focus of this improvement is the clarification of the conditions of reduction of dispersion of the resulting product.
Chronopotentiogramms of copper ions reduction and potential transient obtained on potentiostat P8-nano [24].
Mode 2: Pulse time less than the transfer time of the copper complex (I) reduction (point B in Fig. 1a.) and is equal to 0.8 sec.
Comparing the simulation results with the experimental data, we can conclude that the conditions for the complete consumption of the electroactive material into the electrode surface with preservation of the diffusion layer in the pause correspond to decrease of the probability of the emergence of new centers of crystallization and movement of the adatoms on the surface of the cathode.
Online since: May 2016
Authors: Bengt Gunnar Svensson, Anders Hallén, Roberta Nipoti, Hussein M. Ayedh
A significant reduction of the VC concentration was demonstrated by the slow cooling rate.
Results and Discussion Reduction of the [VC] by a slow cooling rate.
process, further reduction of the [VC] can be accomplished.
The data in Fig. 2 forms a line that represents the formation of VC’s and the measured values represent quenched concentrations, since fast cooling was applied.
The effective reduction of the [VC] in both approaches mentioned above can be attributed to one of the following two mechanisms.
Results and Discussion Reduction of the [VC] by a slow cooling rate.
process, further reduction of the [VC] can be accomplished.
The data in Fig. 2 forms a line that represents the formation of VC’s and the measured values represent quenched concentrations, since fast cooling was applied.
The effective reduction of the [VC] in both approaches mentioned above can be attributed to one of the following two mechanisms.
Online since: August 2009
Authors: H. Saidani-Scott, Mike Tierney, F. Sánchez-Silva
However, storage conditions and basic hygiene are
still the most important factors for disease reduction
Introduction
Clean water is vital to life.
Many of the households have described reductions in diarrhoea among children and in some cases among adults too.
Fig 4. : Filtration efficiency for each size range particles with number of layers Summary of the results Table 1 below summarises all the permeabilities for a filtration data for 1 to 4 layers of all 7 fabrics.
S Gundry for providing the data from the Aquapol project and co-supervising the projects.
Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration.
Many of the households have described reductions in diarrhoea among children and in some cases among adults too.
Fig 4. : Filtration efficiency for each size range particles with number of layers Summary of the results Table 1 below summarises all the permeabilities for a filtration data for 1 to 4 layers of all 7 fabrics.
S Gundry for providing the data from the Aquapol project and co-supervising the projects.
Reduction of cholera in Bangladeshi villages by simple filtration.
Online since: March 2009
Authors: Tomaž Kosmač, Sebastjan Perko, Mariusz Andrejczuk
Soft
grinding of the biscuit-sintered samples resulted in a noticeable increase in the surface roughness,
also leading to a significant strength reduction.
These data were used to produce compacts with a green density ranging from 48% TD to 52% TD.
As shown in Fig.6, the grinding of biscuit-sintered pellets resulted in a noticeable strength reduction of the sintered Y-TZP ceramics, indicating that strength-controlling surface flaws must have been introduced during this mechanical operation.
Clearly, the deeper the grinding-induced surface flaws, the higher will be the strength reduction, but no direct relationships between the surface roughness and the strength reduction were found.
Regardless of the diamond-grit size used in soft grinding, this mechanical surface treatment resulted in a noticeable reduction in the strength.
These data were used to produce compacts with a green density ranging from 48% TD to 52% TD.
As shown in Fig.6, the grinding of biscuit-sintered pellets resulted in a noticeable strength reduction of the sintered Y-TZP ceramics, indicating that strength-controlling surface flaws must have been introduced during this mechanical operation.
Clearly, the deeper the grinding-induced surface flaws, the higher will be the strength reduction, but no direct relationships between the surface roughness and the strength reduction were found.
Regardless of the diamond-grit size used in soft grinding, this mechanical surface treatment resulted in a noticeable reduction in the strength.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Yong Chen, Long Li, Jian Hua Zeng, Da De Zhang
The research results show that the amount of slag adhesion decreases with a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag, owing to larger viscosity and higher foam index of molten slag.
CaO/(SiO2+Al2O3) ∧th Density / gcm-3 0 2.7 0.823 3.10 1 2.4 0.813 3.12 2 2.2 0.812 3.17 3 2.1 0.811 3.18 4 1.9 0.808 3.22 5 1.7 0.798 3.23 As seen from Table 3, both ∧th and ratios of CaO to (SiO2+Al2O3) of No. 0 to No. 5 slags decrease with a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag, but the density of No. 5 slag is largest and the density of No. 0 slag is smallest, due to the density of Al2O3 is higher than that of SiO2.
As depicted in Fig. 2, the viscosity of molten slag tested increases in order No. 0 to No. 5 as a result of a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag facilitate to form fewer SiO44- tetrahedral, and more Al (1/2Ca2 +) O44- tetrahedral structure, nevertheless, the total amount of both structure increase with an increase of SiO2 + Al2O3 contents in slag and further polymerize to chain or network units, resulting in an increase of viscosity of the melt.
Due to a negligible difference of σ0.2×Db0.9 of molten slag tested at 1600℃, the ratios of foam index of No.1 to No. 5 slags to that of No. 0 slag is shown in Figure 3, according to calculation of equation (1) by using the data from Table 3 and Fig. 2.
Conclusions Under conditions of slag sticking to MgO-C brick at 1600℃ in Ar atmosphere, the amount of slag adhesion decreases with a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag, compared to that of normal BOF slag.
CaO/(SiO2+Al2O3) ∧th Density / gcm-3 0 2.7 0.823 3.10 1 2.4 0.813 3.12 2 2.2 0.812 3.17 3 2.1 0.811 3.18 4 1.9 0.808 3.22 5 1.7 0.798 3.23 As seen from Table 3, both ∧th and ratios of CaO to (SiO2+Al2O3) of No. 0 to No. 5 slags decrease with a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag, but the density of No. 5 slag is largest and the density of No. 0 slag is smallest, due to the density of Al2O3 is higher than that of SiO2.
As depicted in Fig. 2, the viscosity of molten slag tested increases in order No. 0 to No. 5 as a result of a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag facilitate to form fewer SiO44- tetrahedral, and more Al (1/2Ca2 +) O44- tetrahedral structure, nevertheless, the total amount of both structure increase with an increase of SiO2 + Al2O3 contents in slag and further polymerize to chain or network units, resulting in an increase of viscosity of the melt.
Due to a negligible difference of σ0.2×Db0.9 of molten slag tested at 1600℃, the ratios of foam index of No.1 to No. 5 slags to that of No. 0 slag is shown in Figure 3, according to calculation of equation (1) by using the data from Table 3 and Fig. 2.
Conclusions Under conditions of slag sticking to MgO-C brick at 1600℃ in Ar atmosphere, the amount of slag adhesion decreases with a reduction of SiO2 content and an increase of Al2O3 content in slag, compared to that of normal BOF slag.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Srinivasa Ranganathan, Satyam Suwas, P. Ramesh Narayanan, K. Sreekumar, Parameshwar Prasad Sinha
Electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were carried out on the QUANTA FEG SEM, with TSL data acquisition software.
A close observation of the α and β fibres indicate the weakening of Cu and Bs texture components with increase in the cold rolling reduction.
In order to understand the texture development in the three types of alloys, ф2 sections of the ODFs for similar cold reduction (70%) were compared.
Image Quality Maps for cold rolled samples of AA7075 alloy (a) and (b) and AFRNOR7020 alloy (c) and (d) stronger with an increase in cold reduction.
The deformation texture components Cu, Bs and S increase with rolling reduction for both the alloys. 2.
A close observation of the α and β fibres indicate the weakening of Cu and Bs texture components with increase in the cold rolling reduction.
In order to understand the texture development in the three types of alloys, ф2 sections of the ODFs for similar cold reduction (70%) were compared.
Image Quality Maps for cold rolled samples of AA7075 alloy (a) and (b) and AFRNOR7020 alloy (c) and (d) stronger with an increase in cold reduction.
The deformation texture components Cu, Bs and S increase with rolling reduction for both the alloys. 2.