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The average grain size increased with decreasing P content.
IF Steel showed polygonal ferrite grain structure.
The grain size distributions measured by EBSD are shown in Fig. 2.
It can been seen that the average grain size increased with decreasing P content The abnormal growth of partial grains resulted in the increase of average grain size.
The average grain size increased with decreasing P content.

The results indicated that, after aging and dynamic precipitation at the grain boundaries of dynamically recrystallized grains, fine precipitates formed and the strength of the alloy improved [2].
When the temperature was 300ºC, new grains have been formed from big grains in magnesium alloy because of the influence of stress.
Since the pinning of the black second phase on the grain boundary can prevent the grains from growing big, the grains became finer, which accounts for the increasing of tensile strength.
When the temperature reaches 390ºC，it can be seen from Fig.2 that the diffusion precipitation inside the grains begins to substitute the intermittent precipitation along the boundary of the grains.
When the extrusion ratio was 60, the grain has the smallest size (being about 3-5μm), the second phase in diffusion precipitation refines gradually and increases in number, and the tensile strength reaches to its highest.

The average grain size was about 10nm and the grain characteristic presented equiaxed morphology.
As everyone knows that nanocrystalline material possesses a large number of grain boundaries, dislocations and atomic level microstructural defects which can act as high diffusion paths to carbon atoms.
This result can be attributed to the grain refinement and micro-strain development.
The Fig.5(b) revealed that carbides scale in the outermost surface was about 20~30nm by randomly measured a large number of nanocrystalline.
(2) The grain size in the nanocrystalline layer was refined to nanoscale level with about 10nm in size and presented equiaxed grain morphology with random crystallographic orientation

The parallel algorithm implements the coarse-grained parallelism between computation nodes and fine-grained parallelism between cores within each node.
An accurate model can be obtained by increasing the number of finite element model parameters and improving the calculation precision.
It can reduce the number of model forward calculation [2].
It works well, accessing shared data costs you nothing, and it avoid the overhead of message passing and provides run-time scheduling, fine-grained operation mechanism and coarse-grained operation mechanism as well.
Table 1 shows main parameters of the model, where ipy and ipz represent the number of nodes in the finite element mesh in the Y and Z direction, npp is the maximum number of parameters used, ndd the maximum number of data used, nrc is the number of receiver sites, nfre is the number of frequency number.

During the growth of crystal, crystal grain size is related to nucleation ratio of crystal during crystallization and formation speed of crystal grain.
In which, n stands for the number of diffraction peaks; I0 (vhkl) and I (vhkl) respectively stand for relative intensity of X-ray diffraction crystal face (hkl) of standard Ni powder and electroforming deposit sample.
In comparison between X-ray diffraction graphic spectrum and 87-0712 PDF card, the crystal face serial number corresponding to the maximum X-ray diffraction intensity are face (111), face (200) and face (220) respectively.
In accordance with Hall-Petch principle of common poly-crystal metal material sub-grain strengthening theory, performance of material is closely related to grain size and densification degree, its comprehensive mechanical property and grain size normally comply with the Hall-Petch relationship: ——proof stress of material ——lattice friction in case of single dislocation caused by movement —— constant d ——crystal grain size Microhardness HV Figure 7 A micro-hardness comparison diagram of two groups of test The comprehensive mechanical property of material is inversely proportional to the extraction of grain size d.
The smaller the grain size of material, the higher its strength, the higher the toughness and plasticity.

The experimental results showed that the electric current pulses during solidification changed morphology of dendrites and the equiaxed, non-dendritic grains formed.
The grain refinement and the formation mechanism of non-dendritic primary phase are discussed in this paper.
It is known that the nucleation of the phase is depended on the number and the size of the so1id-1ike clusters in the melt.
It is more intriguing that the grains are globular or non-dendritic in shape.
With the LVECP treatment, the solidified microstructure of AZ91D alloy is modified and the equiaxed, nondendritic grains are formed instead of dendritic

Among the main factors controlling such effect are the β grain size and its composition.
Thus grain size plays an important role in optimising the PiTTi effect.
It is worth noting that this theory ignores grain size effects.
The new alloy compositions are validated by comparing them with a number of commercial martensitic alloys.
Acknowledgements This research was carried out under the research framework (Project number: MC5.05206) of the Materials Innovation Institute (www.m2i.nl) in The Netherlands.

A large number of channels connect the larger open spaces and the sample surface.
Number of pores N In a powder compact there is only one (continuous) pore.
Pore number reaches a maximum when G goes to zero and decreases in the late sintering stage.
Here, VV (solid) is the volume fraction of the solid phase (VV (solid) =1 - VV), and PL(grains) is the number of grains per unit length of the scanning line.
A large number of mechanisms have been identified to be relevant for porosity coarsening.

Low angle grain boundaries with a minimum of 2° misorientation are shown on the maps.
In Fig. 1 a well-developed low angle grain boundary (LAGB) structure can be seen clearly across the whole of the grain.
Near the grain boundaries the contrast changes indicate the 50 µm 50 µm 100 µm 20 µm Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) formation of subgrains, but in the grain centres, there is little change in orientation contrast.
From Mean (°)Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) Results of in-situ hot deformation experiments In-situ tensile deformation SE images show the movement of grain boundary and the alignment of the boundaries during the early stages of deformation of the 4.98 % Mg alloy.
Stress driven grain boundary migration occurs at low strains, resulting in boundary alignment parallel to planes of high shear stress, and the development of a diamond grain morphology.

A laser is often considered to scribe the grain-oriented silicon steel surfaces after cold-rolling and annealing to reduce the core loss.
Introduction Grain-oriented silicon steels have a large market in the field of soft magnetic materials.
Learning rate, maximum number of epochs and MES goal were set to 0.1, 1000 and 0.1 respectively.
The training is terminated when the set MSE goal is achieved or when the maximum number of epochs defined is reached.
When the variation in the fitness values was smaller than 0.1 or the set maximum number of populations was reached, the process finished, and the optimal solution was output and saved.