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D.H.Kim[1] investigated turbulent flow past a square cylinder confined in a channel by large eddy simulation (LES).
In the present simulations, a dimensionless time step was chosen giving the maximum CFL number close to 2.
In the present simulations, the computational boundaries are set at 16Dm in y directions.
FIG.3 NORMALIZED INSTANTANEOUS SPANWISE VORTICITY. a-c RE=600,d-f RE=5900 Flow patterns and force characteristics Derived By CFD （a）(b) FIG.4 THE TIME HISTORY OF DRAG COEFFICIENTS AND LIFT COEFFICIENTS FOR THE STRAIGHT AND MODIFIED SQUARE PRISMS.
References [1] Do-Hyeong Kim, Kyung-Soo Yang, Mamoru Senda: Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow past a square cylinder confined in a channel.

The numerical simulation results of 12 typical fire scenarios prove that the boundary conditions of tunnel entrance exert a significant influence on the accuracy and reliability of the fire numerical simulation results in metro station.
At present the numerical simulation is the main fire risk assessment method of metro station, which uses the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) program, such as FDS, Fluent, etc. to build the model, simulating the fire development and occupant evacuation, assessing the fire safety of metro station according to the simulation results [4-5].During the process of the numerical simulation, the boundary conditions of tunnel entrance have to be simplified to be fully close or open, due to the restriction of computing power and time of Computer Server.
Simulation Results and Discussion The simulation of fire smoke movement in metro station is carried out using FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator), developed by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology).
The numerical simulation time of all the fire scenarios is 1200s.
The corresponding fire numerical simulation results are listed in table 2.

As an example, Gerlich et al. [12] used a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to model FSSW.
FEM simulations Modell set up.
- A limited number of steps (normally 10, correspondent to 10-1 seconds) are run while all the thermal figures are kept constant; the simulation is run without using the GUI interface and the Command Window is used instead where a suitable Command File (batch file) manage all the simulation modules and files needed to complete the simulation
Fig. 8 – (a) Temperature distribution at three different stages of the simulation, S=1000 rpm, F=30 mm/min; (b) heat flux boundary condition in an intermediate simulation step; (c) force vs. time.
The peculiarity of this FEM model is a 2D approach used for the simulation of a 3D problem.

Computer simulation plays major role in determining places where is necessary to apply surface protection that will preserve the valuable interior surface against negative influences such as high level of moisture, fungus, chemical reactions etc.
Computer Simulation Air flow in interior was modeled in CFD software called FloVENT.
The computational model helps to study the behavior of interior environment of historical building by computer simulation and predict critical area with low air flow velocity.

Simulation of Cracking Behavior in Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell during Thermal Cycling Khairul Anam1, 2, a *, Chih-Kuang Lin2, b, Anindito Purnowidodo1, c 1Departement of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li 320, Taiwan akhairul.anam27@ub.ac.id, bt330014@cc.ncu.edu.tw, canindito@ub.ac.id Keywords: Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, PEN, Thermal Cycling, Principal Direction.
Simulation results indicate the stress intensity factor is significantly decreased at room temperature and is slightly increased at steady stage with increasing number of cycle.
The temperature profiles at steady stage generated by a thermo-electrochemical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, STAR-CD, at INER were imported into the FEA model in this study.

ajcleong@mail.npust.edu.tw Keywords: Tunnel-Type Dryer; Temperature Distribution; Hot Air Ventilation; CFD Abstract.
The closure of these equations is performed with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model that reads , (1) , and (2)
The time of simulation is 6 minutes, hot air of 200 ˚C is blown into the dryer through the intake vent and forced out through the outtake vent both at a uniform velocity of 2.5 m/s.

For example, the AUTODYN simulation tool can address nonlinear dynamic problems including solids, fluids, gases, and their interactions using finite elements (FE), finite volume (CFD), and mesh-free particle (SPH).
From the numerical simulation results, the weakest point was determined.
The fine element size of 10 mm used in the numerical simulation leads to a higher concentration.
Therefore, the numerical simulation conducted, within limits, approximates well the strain pattern as compared to the cracks pattern.
De, Numerical simulation of surface explosions over dry, cohesionless soil, Computers and Geotechnics, 43 (2012) 72-79

The computational simulations were performed using a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes 3D CFD code with included Shear Stress Transport turbulence model.
Results of the performed steady simulations demonstrated that when the flow was swirled to 50% of the rim speed, the deviated flow left the cavity with less cross flow.
Numerical formulation Numerical simulations were fulfilled in Fluent.
[20] Henrik Orsan, Investigation of secondary flow in low aspect ratio turbines using CFD, Ph.
[22] Gardzilewicz A., Lampart P., Świrydczuk J., Kosowski K., Investigation of flow losses in turbine blading systems using CFD, Part I.

Fractal analysis of Raceway Boundary in COREX Melter Gasifier Model Zhiguo Luo1,a, Zhanxia Di1,b, Zongshu Zou1,c and Ren Chen2,d 1School of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 110004, Shenyang, China; 2Department of Metallurgy Engineering, Liao Ning Institute of Science and Technology, 117004, Benxi, China; aluozg@smm.neu.edu.cn; bzhanxiadi@gmail.com; czouzs@mail.neu.edu.cn; dtoughold@163.com Keywords: Raceway Boundary; Physical Simulation; Particle Velocity Contour; Fractal Abstract.
The shape of raceway can be obtained by dissection survey and mathematical simulations.
Toshihiko[10] calculated the instantaneous velocity of every particle through CFD+DEM, and then the raceway boundary was defined by the iso-contours of instantaneous coke particle velocity scalar.
It can be used as original boundary conditions of the flow and chemical reaction in the raceway region of the theoretical and mathematical simulation.

The study will validate with simulation by using FSI.
Methodology A two-dimensional FSI model of mitral valve which included the left ventricle was generated by using CFD and the simulation run in FSI.
The drawing of the heart valve is considered as a rigid body in this simulation study.
Conclusion In conclusion, the simulation result shown was agreed with the previous study.
Simulation of Blood Flow through the Mitral Valve of the Heart: A Fluid Structure Interaction Model.