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Materials and Methods Chemicals and Materials.
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Davis, Surface Hardening of Steels: understanding the Basics, Materials Park, ASM International, Ohio, 2002
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Both materials show a matrix of glassy phase with mullite and hercynite (a) or mullite and α-alumina (b).
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Singh, ‘Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications’, Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 102, pp. 844–862, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.064
Ding, ‘Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications’, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 49–121, 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001
Saeed Hakeem, ‘Dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding between Inconel 718 and commercially pure titanium using a vanadium interlayer’, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, vol. 236, no. 4, pp. 715–729, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1177/14644207211054265
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Experiment Research on Purifying Metallurgical Grade Silicon and Crystal Growth in Directional Solidification Xiang-yang Mei a, Wen-hui Ma b* , Kui-xian Weic , Yong-nian Daic National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy, Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China a lan_xin_hai@hotmail.com, bmwhsilicon@163.com,c kxwei2008@hotmail.com Keywords: Metallurgical grade silicon; Directional solidification; Crystal growth Abstract: The main raw material of solar energy is multi-crystalline silicon.
The shortage of multi-crystalline silicon market has becoming increasingly prominent, and supply of raw materials has become a bottleneck during the development of photovoltaic industry.
The raw material was heated to 1743 K at 10-3-10-4 Pa and solidification rate was 10µm/s during the experiment.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50674050), the Ph.D.
Cells Vol.90(2006), p3285 [3] A.Muller, M.Ghosh: Materials science & engineering Vol.7(2006), p1 [4] Dominique Sarti and Roland Einhaus: Sol.

Such materials are usually produced by raw materials of natural aluminum silicate minerals (or industrial solid waste), compounded under 20° ~ 200 ° C by alkaline elicitor excitation.
Chen Jie Yu et al. [7] took kaolin, water glass and NaOH as raw materials to produce mineral polymer materials, the compressive strength of mineral polymer materials could be up to 70MPa. 
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Introduction Flocculation (in polymer science): Reversible formation of aggregates in which the particles are not in physical contact [1].
Acknowledgement In this paper, the research was sponsored by the Marine nonprofit and special research funding (201105026), Tianjin marine science and technology project (KJXH2011-01).
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Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the supporting from the National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 50801009, Chinese Postdoctoral Foundation 20090461327, EPSRC (UK) EP/H016619, and the UESTC award for Excellent Young Scientists.
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Materials and Methods 1.1 Wastewater Quality The raw wastewater is taken from a secondary sedimentation tank of a papermaking factory and the water is in pale yellow, the effluent quality indicators are shown in Table 1.
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Photochemical Fundamentals and Photonics Materials Science [M].
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