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Scheme of the object taken to numerical calculations: a) mesh, b) boundary conditions Numerical simulations were carried out by means of Volume of Fluid model (1 phase - water, 2 phase – argon).
Convergence of results obtained from two different methods confirms the choice of VOF model for numerical simulation and also that the assumptions were made properly.
The next step of research should focus on numerical simulation for three-dimensional case.
Pfeifer, Numerical and physical simulation of tundish fluid flow phenomena, Steel Research 74 (2003) 44-55
Jolly, Study of molten aluminium cleaning process using physical modelling and CFD, Light Metals TMS (2004) 743-748

The simulations were carried out considering two-dimensional forced convective flows, in the laminar regime and incompressible conditions.
For the simulations, the Reynolds number of ReD = 100 and Prandtl number of Pr = 0.71 (which simulates the air) were considered.
For all simulations, the angle between the cylinders is α = 0º.
For each ratio a/b, five different ratios of ST/D are evaluated, resulting in a total of 20 performed simulations.
The conservation equations (5) - (8) are solved with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT® [15], which is based on the finite volume method (FVM) [12,16].

Most of the existing models for temperatures and heat flows in metal cutting are empirical or simulation models.
Advanced empirical and simulation models are available for most machining processes with a defined cutting edge [6,7,8,9].
The advantages of empirical and simulation models are an option to handle complex cutting engagement tasks, such as machining processes, and the necessity of real data at an early modelling stage, which ensures the practical relevance.
The main disadvantage of empirical and simulation models in comparison to analytical models is the degree of simplification (i. e. difference equation instead of differential equation for simulation) or total negligence (as in the case of empirical models) of the governing physical equation.
White, Potential Flow and CFD, in: F.

Verification of the project According to the basic process of passive designs, in the creation process, we should need to analyze and predicate expected effects of this scheme, to verify the correctness and rationality of the design idea. 4.1 Analyses and testing of natural lighting In the process of building design, the author models construction scheme in Ecotect Analysis; According to relevant requirements in the lighting design standard of building GB/T 50033---2001, it sets the reflection of the metope, the ground and the ceiling, and set the test plane standard in the Figure 4 The Illumination of Building plane; Using Radiance software to get simulation analysis for a whole cloudy sky model, as it shown in figure 4 and figure 6.
According to the simulation test and verify of the dynamic natural lighting Daysim simulation software, under the use of gradual type artificial lighting control, the illumination energy conservation rate can achieve above 75%. 4.2 The analysis and testing of natural ventilation For the effect on natural ventilation, this research made two aspects of work: theoretical analysis and CFD simulation verify.
Building wind road design and the wind field simulation of hot pressing ventilation [J].

It is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial package that uses the finite volume method (FVM) as discretization method, enabling the computational modeling of a wide range of transfer phenomena in fluid and heat flows [9].
The Fluent software, employed for the numerical simulations of the realistic irregular waves, does not use spectral data as input, requiring a transformation.
Numerical Simulations.
In this context, numerical simulations were performed, aiming to verify wave generation.
For that, the amount of subdivisions was analyzed during 5 min of simulation, comparing the water free surface elevation.

In this case a Design of Experiments (DoE) with Composite Experimental Design (CCD) was used with the numerical simulation.
(a) mesh regions according to height, (b) cross-plane of the OWC device and (c) mesh refinement near the chimney wall CFD spatial and transient convergences were based on Richardson’s extrapolation [13].
This technique was applied to structure the numerical simulations of this study and facilitate statistical analysis of the results.
Simulations obtained efficiencies higher than 50% for test case 5 at W/Z = 0.90 and 0.95.
Following DoE procedures, 9 new simulations were conducted with more realistic geometric parameters as shown in Table 6.

These combined factors surrounding energy consumption is very complex, and must first be rectified through continuous simulation to reach pre-determined energy-saving target.
BEMS is then used to explore actual energy-saving efficiencies in the second stage following building’s completion. 2-1. eQUEST MODEL BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION Standard model building is established as an assessment method by setting similar simulated conditions such as climate, shape of building, operating duration, through eQUEST simulation analysis of energy consumption baseline for the whole year. eQUEST corresponds to constructing energy-saving techniques of the model building and the simulation analysis of energy consumption, benchmarking each of them against such baseline. 2-1-1.
Buoyancy Ventilation Design CFD Simulation, International Conference, Magic School of Green Technology [2] (6).
Differences between eQUEST Simulation Estimate and Actual Energy Consumption January February March April May June eQUEST Simulation Estimate [kWh] 6280 7440 8900 10960 12820 14400 Actual Energy Consumption [kWh] 5099 5745 7322 9318 11241 12181 Differences [%] -18.8% -22.8% -17.7% -15% -12.3% -15.4% 4.

CFD simulation and monitoring combined point source pollution diffusion of residential construction patterns and protective greenbelt layout，171 Wen YiZhang, Sun Zai, Deng Chuan, Fu ZhiMin Different city road have uneven PM2.5 concentration Monitoring of Hangzhou, China PM2.5 concentration monitoring and analysis in Hangzhou Xiasha region，Journal of china university of metrology,9,2012，279-283 BarbaraJane George , DonaldA.
It’s highly encouraged to use computer technology such as CFD for simulation and analysis.

The aim of the experiment on the steam version of the control valve is to compare the real result with the prediction of forces applied on the pin and the spindle obtained from experiments [4,5] with a model version of the valve and with designed force from numerical simulation [6, 7, 8].
Based on complementary measurements on the air model and checking numerical simulations it is evident that the second operational variation considered for air model corresponds most closely with the construction design.
Matas: CFD simulace nového typu odlehčeného regulačního ventilu parní turbíny pro vysoké parametry páry, Report NTC at University of West Bohemia in Plzeň, NTL 02-04/08, 2008.
Partial output for The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS, MŠMT in Czech)/ 1M06059 - Advanced Technologies and Systems for Power Engineering (2006-2011, MSM/1M) [7] Matas, R, Bednar L., Tajc L.: Numerical Simulations and Experiments as Modern Tools for Research of Control Valves for Steam Turbines, Experimental Fluid Mechanics, 2010, Liberec, ISBN: 978-80-7372-670-6 [8] Matas R., Straka F., Hoznedl, M.: Numerical Simulation of Flow and Determination of Aerodynamic Forces in the Balanced Control Valve.

The simulation model is based on the solution of the minimum energy problem by the Surface Evolver software.
Zeng et al. provided a CFD solution based on the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation [4].