Search results

The YAG:Ce used as the conversion material, in its coarse-grained form, is a well known, intensely studied phosphor.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the structure and grain size of the material.
Excitation spectra for emission at 530 nm of nano-YAG:Ce with xCe = 0.25 at.% and the coarse-grained reference.
This can be caused by a reduced number of possible transitions between different vibrational wave functions of the ground state and the excited state of the Ce 3+ ion (configuration coordinate model [5]).
The number of active luminescence centres in the host lattice increases, thus, more photons of the 450 nm exciting radiation can be absorbed and converted.

The average grain size of TiNi coatings ranges between 60 ÷ 160 nm.
The process of formation of coatings was carried out in a specially designed technology (patent number 2430191), by the technology described in the patent number 2354750 (Fig. 1).
On (Fig. 4k) shows the electron diffraction pattern of the alloy TiNi, alloy mainly composed of randomly disoriented nanoscale grains.
The distribution of grain size in the surface layer of TiNi and percentages is shown in Fig. 5a.
Between the grains of austenite structure located intermetallics particles Ti2Ni are located.

Too little water fails to develop adequate strength and plasticity where sands and clays grains are combined together apart thus the permeability is very poor.
The development of bond strength between the grains depends upon on the hydration of clay.
So, the clay becomes soft, lose its bonding power and less stiff and the sand grains are held further apart thus decrease the strength [7].
As a result gas has difficulty to pass through grain particles.
This has helped to remove the gases present in it thorugh the sand grains.

The mean grain size of each state is 33.65um, 24.53um, 32.04um and 32.98um.
Yield strengthvaries with the grain size.
The smaller the grains are, the greater the total grain boundary is, and the more difficult is for the dislocations to traverse, resulting in the stacking of the dislocations.
Therefore, the fine-grained material with 1h cryogenic treatment has the highest strength.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the key scientific and technological project of Chongqing (Project Number: CSTC, 2009AB4005).

The powder volume contained grains with a random texture and average grain size of 50 µm.
To this end, the ratio of the number of the cells in the powder domain belonging the grains originated from the substrate to the total number of the cells in the powder domain was calculated.
Fig. 2(d) shows a decrease of FEG by the substrate grain size.
It shows that the probability of the preferred grain orientations within the AM portion of the substrate decreases by the grain size, leading to the reduction of the FEG.
CAFD results for substrates with grain sizes of (a) 50, (b) 100, and (c) 200 µm, and (d) FEG as a function of the substrate grain size.

In addition to the differences on protein content, there are also differences on wheat grain shape, grain color, grain weight and many other characteristics between these materials.
Assume that the number of samples M and the number of wavelengths K make up a near-infrared spectrum of absorption matrix XM×K, denoted by xk(0) and N(Nnumber of wavelengths we need to extract.
The number of input layer node is 8 and export layer node is 1.
Input is 8 sensitive wave points and export is the corresponding grain protein content.
Maximum number of training steps is 10000.

It conclude that some spherical shape phases of Ca2Mg6Zn3 distribute in the grain interior, and the other compounds continous precipitate at grain boundaries.
A fine-grained material is harder and stronger than the coarse one.
It is because that the fine-grained materials have the greater total grain boundary area which impedes dislocation motion.
The d is the average grain diameter, and are constants for a particular material.
Actually, the improvement of the yield strength is 10MPa, the numbers demonstrate that strengthening by grain size reduction is more, the strengthening mechanisms of the MZCxZr alloys is mainly the grain size reduction strengthening effect.

The number of cycles to cause complete failure was taken as fatigue life ( fN ).
The alloy after solution heat treatment has an average equiaxed grain size of 110 mµ .
Small discrete carbide particles probably being of the MC types are found to be present in both the interior of the grains and at the grain and twin boundaries.
A TEM observation of the carbide particles in both the interior of grains and at the grain boundaries are typically shown in Fig.3.
TEM observations exhibited that at low strains ( %2.0grains, while at high strains ( %2.0>apε ) large number of slip bands with more than one slip system were seen within the grains.

It is due to the grain refinement.
These grain refinement techniques of using of inoculate elements, such as Ti, Zr, and Cr, were reported by the number of researcher, and were applied on high pure or commercial pure aluminium [2-5].
The microstructure on longitudinal section of the alloy tube shows an equiaxed grain structure, but their grain size was different with Ti content.
This significant grain refinement is due to role of Ti as a grain growth inhibitor.
(b) Variation of grain size distribution with Ti content.

It is well known that submicron sized grains/ sub grains can be produced in most Al alloys using this technique.
The total strain accumulated in a material through a series of repetitive pressings, εN is given by [9], (1) where N is the total number of passes through the die.
In this paper, specimens have been designated as 2A, etc. where 2 represents the total number of extrusion passes and A represents the processing route.
The grain size of the initial solutionized material was approximately 15 µm.
After 3 passes, the grain size was reduced to 0.46 µm in route A ECAE and 0.55 µm in route C ECAE.